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Memory Errors Week 9, Week 12: Problem Solving, Week 10: Memory Errors,…

- - - - Cognitive Hypothesis
        
        Encoding is improved for stability following periods of rapid change.
      - Cultural life-script hypothesis
        
        We all rehearse a life script due to cultural influence, and when we engage in behaviours that align with it, we remember them better.
        
        Connected to the youth bias
      - Self Image hypothesis
        
        Things that form our self-image are encoded better
        
        People assume identities during adolescence and young adulthood, leading to better encoding for this age
  - - - Narrative Rehearsal
        
        We rehearse these events so regularly, and the increased reconsolidation leads to more time for memory errors to be introduced
- - - - Solve problems
      - Infer meaning when something isn't clear
- - - - Insight occurs when we use things in different ways, or view things differently, restructuring them
- - - - The collection of states that makeup steps towards the goal state
  - - - Subgoals are steps that one must take to reduce the differences between the initial and goal states
  - - - Can present insight, the creation of new subgoals and helps researchers know what participants are thinking
- - - - Hardest stage
      - Noticing the similarities between two problems
    - - Mapping the similarities from the source problem to the target problem
- - - - Encouraging people to share information without judgement
      - Not overly effective. Why?
        
        Production blocking leads to a decrease of ideas because people have to wait their turn and may forget ideas
        
        don't have to wait their turn
        
        Free riding means that some people will contribute less due to others contributing
        
        Program tracks contributions, no free riding
        
        Evaluative apprehension occurs because people are nervous to share ideas for fear of judgement
        
        People share anonymously
        
        Performance matching means that if others slack, so will you
        
        Electronic brainstorming solves this by increasing productivity, and also people dont focus on others as much
- - - - fMRI scans during this task showed that increased creativity was correlated with activity in the default mode network
        
        Default mode network
        
        More activity when people are disengaged
        
        Resting state fMRI reveals that primary function is mind wandering
        
        Functional network discovered by resting state fMRI
        
        Usually negatively correlated with ECN, which handles complex tasks like planning
        
        Creativity activates both at once, during idea generation, but especially active during idea evaluation
- - - - Depending on the type of lie told, this was done in 2 different ways
        
        If the lies were fabrications, it was a source monitoring error, as they were familiar with the item, but couldn't recall if it was stolen or a lie
        
        Lies based on omission occur because people are truly more likely to forget the item, due to focusing on it for less time
- - - - 3 techniques, guided imagery, encouragement and practice
        
        Guided imagery saw trying to picture the event, take yourself back
        
        Encouragement was social pressure, encouraging them to recall the event
        
        Practice was thinking about it regularly, to see if it comes back
      - Multiple sessions increased the fragility of the memory due to reconsolidation, giving multiple opportunities to change the memory
- - - - 70% recalled a false memory, but they claimed that just believing it happened but not remembering it was a false memory
      - Using a more conservative definition, 20-30% of people recalled false memories
- - - - All participants initially denied guilt
      - When made to type fast, and there is a witness present, 100% sign a confession, but only 65% internalize the blame, and 35% make up details
      - With no witness, at a slow pace compliance is still 35%
      - At a fast pace with no witness compliance is 65% and internalization is 12%
      - At a slow pace with a witness, 8% with confabulate, 89% will comply and 44% internalize the blame
- - - - Number of observations
      - Quality of observations
      - Representativeness of the observations
    - - General conclusions about the way the world works based on inductive reasoning.
      - Rules of thumb that are not always accurate, but are very helpful in daily life
      - Availability
        
        Assuming the likelihood of something based on how easily it is brought to mind
        
        Depending on how publicised something is, people are more likely to assume it is more prevalent than it really is
        
        People donate to charities for diseases that are far less deadly than other things
      - Representativeness
        
        Probability that A is a member of class B is determined by how well properties of A resemble properties normally associated with B
        
        People use base rate information when its all that's available, but will use descriptive information rather than base rate information if its available
        
        Conjunction rule
        
        The likelihood of two events cannot be more probable than that of the individual constituents
      - Illusory correlations
        
        Correlation appears to exist, but either doesn't, or is much weaker than assumed
        
        Confirmation bias causes illusory correlations
        
        Searching for information that confirms your beliefs, and ignoring information that disproves them
  - - - Form
        
        If p then q, if q then r, therefore if p then r
    - - Validity refers to the structure of an argument. If the conclusion logically follows from the structure, the argument is valid
      - Accuracy is whether or not the premises and the conclusion are true
      - Belief bias occurs when these two get mixed up. People are more likely to assume a syllogism is valid or invalid based on the accuracy of the premises and conclusion
      - Valid Syllogisms
        
        If p then q, P, therefore q
        
        If p then q, not q, therefore not p
      - Invalid syllogisms
        
        If p then q, q therefore p
        
        If p then q, not p, therefore not q
- - - - Received ten pieces of evidence, increasing in incrimination, then one piece of exonerating evidence
      - The case contained a trustworthy face or an untrustworthy face
        
        Those who saw the trustworthy face changed their verdict with the exonerating evidence significantly more often than those who saw the untrustworthy face
- - - - Assumption lets us use specific procedures to determine best choice
      - If you know the price and potential pay off, you can determine the best strategy
    - - People don't always follow the optimum strategy, people go to the casino!
      - People find value in things that are not monetary
        
        Emotions can affect decision making!
- - - - Leads to risky decision making
      - Being angry makes you more tolerant and less caring about risks
    - - Leads to safe decision making
      - Being afraid makes you want assurance, so you will select the risk averse option
        
        Risk averse option = option presented in terms of gains