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Jimena Serrano Period 2 Nervous system - Coggle Diagram
Jimena Serrano Period 2 Nervous system
Action potential and the Nerve impluse
An action potential, also called a nerve impulse, is an electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It can be generated when a neuron's membrane potential is changed by chemical signals from a nearby cell.
Connective Tissue Coverings
epimysuim - a thick connective tissue layer that is composed of coarse collagen fibers in a proteoglycan matrix.
perimysium-surrounds individual muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), and separates them from other fascicles within the skeletal muscle
endomysium-the innermost sheath surrounding individual muscle fiber
Major parts and functions of the brain
Cerebrum: Your cerebrum interprets sights, sounds and touches. It also regulates emotions, reasoning and learning.
Cerebellum: Your cerebellum maintains your balance, posture, coordination and fine motor skills.
Brainstem: Your brainstem regulates many automatic body functions.
Tissues (structure and function of neurons and neuroglia)
Neurons -are responsible for communication through electrical signals. Glial cells are supporting cells, allowing neuron function. Though neuron shape varies, neurons are polarized cells, based on the flow of electrical signals along their membrane
Neuroglia are the supporting cells. Neurons are like the communication network of the body whereas neuroglia facilitates the functioning of the communications network.
Major division and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Motor Functions - directs your body's voluntary muscle movements.
Sensory Functions – monitors sensation of touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
Autonomic Functions – regulates digestion, urination, body temperature, heart rate, and dilation/contraction of blood vessels (blood pressure)
Major Functions of the Nervous System
sensory- the portion of the nervous system responsible for processing input from the environment. Beginning with detection through the transfer of stimuli to the central nervous system, the peripheral nerves and their associated receptors rapidly relay information
integrative- specific reciprocal areas of the body that integrate and impact the physical, functional, and energetic/emotional levels of our bodies.
motor-various tightly controlled, complex circuits throughout the body that allows for both voluntary and involuntary movements through the innervation of effector muscles and glands.
classification of neurons
sensory neurons-the afferent limb of somatosensory neural pathways. The neuron consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Motor neurons-tightly controlled, complex circuits throughout the body that allows for both voluntary and involuntary movements through the innervation of effector muscles and glands. The upper and lower motor neurons form a two-neuron circuit
Interneurons- neurons that are found exclusively in the central nervous system.
Action potential and the nerve Impulse-also called a nerve impulse, is an electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It can be generated when a neuron's membrane potential is changed by chemical signals from a nearby cell.
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerve 1 Olfactory nerve (CN I) - sensory
Cranial nerve 2 Optic nerve (CN II) - sensory
Cranial nerve 3 Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - motor
Cranial nerve 4 Trochlear nerve (CN IV) - motor
Cranial nerve 5 Trigeminal nerve (CN V) - mixed
Cranial nerve 6
Abducens nerve (CN VI) - motor
Cranial nerve 7
Facial nerve (CN VII) - mixed
Cranial nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) - sensory
Cranial nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - mixed
Cranial nerve 10
Vagus nerve (CN X) - mixed
Cranial nerve 11
(Spinal) Accessory nerve (CN XI) - motor
Cranial nerve 12
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - motor
Spinal nerves
There are eight pairs of cervical nerves, twelve pairs of thoracic nerves, five pairs of lumbar nerves, five pairs of sacral nerves, and one pair of coccygeal nerves.
Neurotransmitters
actylcholine- a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement.
serotonin-a monoamine neurotransmitter. It also acts as a hormone
dopamine- acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation. Dopamine also has a role to play in controlling memory, mood, sleep, learning, concentration, movement and other body functions.
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system controls the internal organs and glands of the body, whereas the somatic nervous system controls the voluntary muscles of the body. The somatic nervous system has both sensory and motor pathways, whereas the autonomic nervous system has only motor pathways.
Reflex arc (major parts and functions)
Receptors-proteins either inside a cell or on its surface which receive a signal
Sensory neuron-the afferent limb of somatosensory neural pathways.
Spinal cord-cylindrical structure that connects your brain and lower back. It contains tissues, fluids and nerve cells. A bony column of vertebrae surrounds and protects your spinal cord. Your spinal cord helps carry electrical nerve signals throughout your body
Motor neuron=-allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions
Muscle-pumping blood and supporting movement to lifting heavy weights or giving birth. Muscles work by either contracting or relaxing to cause movement. This movement may be voluntary (meaning the movement is made consciously) or done without our conscious awareness (involuntary)
Disorders/ Disease
cerebrovascular accident- certain types are hereditarty, confucion or memory los, blood thinners
autism- not well understood, depression, medication
alzheimer- hereditary, mood and behavior chnages, stem cells
spinal cord injury- commoan in men, weakness, surgey
meningities- Fungi or parasites, fever chills, medication to treat
multiple sclerosis- cause not well understood, depression dizziness, fatigue, no known cure
Drugs of abuse (mouse party)
heroin
Marijuana
Ecstasy
Alcohol
Methamphetamine
Lsd
cocaine