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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, Health Risks if Fats, Trans unsaturated fats,…

- - - - ATHEROMA FORMATION : 1) LDL excess from the liver starts accumulating in the arteries
        2)Signals from the endothelium attract phagocytes (body notices abnormality)
        3) Phagocytes try to break down the accumulation by engulfing it--> stratify
        4) Inner muscle cells form a tough cap over the atheroma => NARROWING OF ARTERY LUMEN
      - CONSEQUENCES OF ATHEROMA FORMATION:
        
        narrowing of the vessels that transport O2 and nutrients--> less supplies reach the heart muscle
        
        anoxia (lack of O2)--> heart pumps faster to compensate--> higher BPM and pressure
        
        if the fibrous cap bursts--> formation of blood clots--> other heart problems (ictus, thrombosis)
      - Other factors that increase atheroma formation
        
        high blood concentration of LDL
        
        chronic high blood glucose concentration
        
        consumption of trans fats that damage endothelium
        
        chronic high blood pressure (smoking or stress)
- - - - Atherosclerosis
    - - Over-consumption of trans-fats that leads to high blood glucose concentrations and damages the endothelium of the artery
      - High blood concentrations of LDL
      - Smoking, stress and other factors inducing chronic high blood pressure
- - - - Tryglicerids: decomposed into fatty acids and monoglycerides --> then absorbed into the villus epithelium cells by simple diffusion
        
        Once inside: fatty acids + monoglycerides recombine into tryglycerides
      - Fatty acids: absorbed by facilitated diffusion as there are fatty acid transporters --> proteins in the membrane of microvilli
- - - - How large is the difference between mean rates of the disease with different levels of lipid intake?
      - How widely spread is the data?
      - Is there a correlation between intake of the lipid being investigated and rate of the disease or the health benefit?
      - If statistical tests have been done on the data, do they show significant differences?
  - - - How even was the sample in sex, age, state of health and life style?
      - If the sample was uneven, were the results adjusted to eliminate the effects of other factors?
      - How large was the sample size?
      - Were the measurements of lipid intake and disease rates reliable?