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Cervical cancer Invasive squamous cell carcinoma - Coggle Diagram
Cervical cancer
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
risk factors
Early marraige
Early sexual activity—> increase duration of exposure to HPV
Limit access to vaccination
Younger women may have immature crevixes —> more susceptible to infection , and less capable of clearing the virus
Obesity
Hormonal imbalance
↑Fat tissue—> ↑ estrogen level —> abnormal growth in the cervix —> cancer
Altered immune response
↓ Immune response—> ↓ clearing HPV infection => persist HPV infection in body
Challenges in screening
Difficulties with accurate screening test —> delay in detecting precancerous cells
Male partner with multiple sexual partners
↑ exposure to HPV
↑ chance of acquiring HPV, which then can transmitted to their female partner during sexual activity=developing cervical cancer
used to smoke
Smoking is one of the cofactors that influence the risk of having HPV, in the the way it reduces the immunity. Which leads to persist infection
Smoking causes changes in cervical cells, promoting abnormalities and making them more susceptible to HPV infection
No vaccination
Vaccine can prevent infection by certain strains of virus responsible for cervical cancer, so not receiving the vaccine leaves individuals more vulnerable to HPV infection—> increasing risk of developing cervical cancer
oral contraceptive for 10 yrs
long-term use of oral contraceptives, which contain estrogen, may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer
5 pregnancies
Increased exposure to HPV infection
Middle age
symptoms
intermenstrual bleeding& postcoital bleeding
1-Tissue Changes: altered tissue may be more fragile and prone to bleeding
2-Invasion of surrounding tissues causes disruption and bleeding
3- fragile blood vessles
Low back pain in the right loin
metastatic cancer leads to LBP
intermittent vaginal discharge
Cancerous growth on the cervix can lead to changes in cervical cells, affecting normal secretions.
tests & findings
surgical pathology report
microscopic examination
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma focally keratinized
CBC
Low Hgb
1- increased demand of folic acid and other blood components may lead to deficiencies causing macrocytic anemia.
2- Cervical cancer might lead to chronic inflammation and alterations in the bone marrow's ability to produce healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia.
High MCV
Urine test
Hematuria
the invasion of the tumor cells into the bladder lead blood in the urine
CT scan of abdomen and pelvis
6 cm tumor from cervix
uncontrolled replication of the squamous cells has lead to cell accumulation causing a 6 cm tumor
no retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy
There was no invasion into the abdominal lymph nodes, so there was no detectable enlargement of those nodes.
cervix biopsy
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
after a HPV exc-pure, the HPV invade into the host's cells. The virus benefit from the cells' DNA and start producing E6 and E7 leading to inactivation of P53 and RB cycle regulation. this will cause uncontrolled replication of the cells
Abnormal macroscopic cervix appearance
indecates changes in the cervix cells
Gynecologist examination
cervix having an irregular mass approx. 6 cm
Amina a 46 years old women