Human Development
Behavioral
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Biological
Kohlberg
Darwin
Darwinism
Pavlov
Vygotsky
Piaget
Zone of Proximal Development: The difference between what a student can do with and without guidance/encouragement
Stages of Moral Development
Stages of Development
Schemas: a plan to help us organize or understand things
Freud
Erikson
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Fixations: if certain issues are not resolved by the end of a stage, the individual may get ¨stuck¨ in that stage
Psychosocial Development
Epigenetic Principle: There is a plan for every organism
Systems
Broffenbrenner
Concentric Systems
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Microsystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Scaffolding: A student gradually receiving less and less help until they can do something on their own
Phallic: masturbation
Latent: little to no sexual motivation
Anal: withholding/expelling feces
Genital: sexual intercourse
Oral: sucking, swallowing, etc
Many individuals who were stuck in the oral stage now seek oral stimulation through things like smoking, eating, and drinking
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Initiative vs. Guilt
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Trust vs. Mistrust
Ego integrity vs. despair
Classical Conditioning: A conditioned response is tied to a specified stimuli
Moral Development
Conventional Stage: Conforming to avoid being disliked
Postconventional Stage: Begin forming personal morals
Preconventional stage: Obeying rules to avoid punishment and get rewards
Skinner
Operant Conditioning: Behaviors that are punished are less likely to be repeated and behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated
If kids feel inferior to their classmates or struggle with certain subjects or tasks, it may affect their overall motivation and cause them to give up on every subject.
Formal operational thought: abstract concepts
Concrete operational: operational thought
Preoperational stage: symbolic thought
Sensorimotor stage: object permanence
Kids should learn at their own pace, and in the long term wont end up getting ahead from being pushed super hard
The theory of evolution
Natural selection: organisms that are well adapted to their environments are more likely to survive, and all organisms constantly have to adapt to changes in their environment
Kids thinking starts to become more reversible. flexible, and complex. They also begin to use logic in their thoughts
Ability to predict the result of hypothetical problems and understanding of abstract thoughts
Knowing that an object is present whether it's in view or now
Moral Relativism: Sense of morality is based on personal values and beliefs
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Moral Realism: Sense of morality comes from rules and laws which have to be followed
Breaking laws leads to immediate punishment, and the punishment should fit the crime
timeline
work, school, friends, family, etc.
family, environment, and school experiences
local governments, parent's friends, mass media, extended family
Social norms, economic system, political systems, culture
If a caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will feel that they cannot trust any adult
Children who struggle and who are shamed may be left without a sense of personal control
Kids who fail at asserting power may be left with self doubt and guilt
Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority
Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future
Those who develop good, healthy relationships will continue to form relationships that are enduring and secure
Those who feel like they failed at their job or didn't do as well as they could feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world
Those who look back and only feel regret will instead feel fearful that their lives will end without accomplishing the things they feel they should hav