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Cell Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2 sets of chromosomes
        
        Separated to opposite poles of the cell
      - DNA replicates
      - For growth and repair
      - Produces two genetically identical cells
    - - Cell grows in size, synthesises new organelles
      - DNA replicates
        
        2 sets of chromosomes
        
        Separated to opposite poles of the cell
  - - - Meristem cells
        
        Can differentiate into any kind of plant cell during the plant's life
    - - Embryonic stem cells
        
        Can differentiate into most types of human cells
      - Bone marrow stem cells
        
        Can differentiate into some types of cell e.g. blood cells
    - - e.g. diabetes, paralysis
  - - - Enables production of large numbers of disease - resistant plants
  - - - A section of DNA which codes for protein
    - - Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- - - - Surface area
      - Concentration gradient
      - Temperature
    - - Placed in hypotonic solution: mass increases
      - Placed in hypertonic solution: mass decreases
  - - - Surface area: volume ratio too small
    - - Thin cell walls of root cells giving a short diffusion distance
      - Alveoli and cells of the small intestine have a large surface area
      - Good ventilation and blood supply
      - Thin membrane giving a short diffusion path
    - - Carbon dioxide
      - Urea
      - Oxygen
    - - Surface area
      - Temperature
      - Concentration gradient
- - - - Many cell types can differentiate throughout a plant's life
      - Xylem cells
      - Phloem cells
    - - Most differentiate at an early stage
      - Sperm cells
      - Nerve cells
  - - - Higher...
        
        Resolution
        
        Smallest distance between 2 points where they are seen as separate
        
        Magnification
        
        Number of times large the image appears compared to the size of the object
        
        Size of image/ Size of object
      - Observes greater detail
      - Uses electron beam
    - - Limited by...
        
        Resolution
        
        Smallest distance between 2 points where they are seen as separate
      - Uses light to create an image
  - - - Plants
        
        Nucleus
        
        Cellulose cell wall
        
        Permanent vacuole
        
        Stores cell sap and pigments
        
        Cell membrane
        
        Controls movement of substances in and out of cells
        
        Mitochondria
        
        ATP synthesis
        
        Ribosomes
        
        Involved in protein synthesis
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Rough
        
        Protein synthesis
        
        Smooth
        
        Lipid synthesis
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        Packaging and modification for transport
        
        Nuclear envelope present
      - Animals
        
        Nucleus
        
        Cell membrane
        
        Controls movement of substances in and out of cells
        
        Mitochondria
        
        ATP synthesis
        
        Ribosomes
        
        Involved in protein synthesis
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Rough
        
        Protein synthesis
        
        Smooth
        
        Lipid synthesis
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        Packaging and modification for transport
    - - Plasmids
      - Cell wall
      - No membrane bound organelles
      - Circular DNA
      - Binary fission
      - No nucleus
      - To test the effectiveness of antibiotics, measure area of zone of inhibition
      - Aseptic techniques
        
        Sterilise equipment by flaming
        
        Incubate at 25C to prevent growth of bacteria pathogenic to humans
        
        Petri dish lid should be taped and placed upside-down
        
        Upside down to prevent condensation disrupting culture