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Nervous System Yarely Franco Per. 2 - Coggle Diagram
Nervous System Yarely Franco Per. 2
Major functions of the nervous system
Integration:
Processing:
Sensory Input
Motor Output:
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
made up of cranial & spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Somatic Nervous System: connects CNS to skeletal muscles & skin-oversees conscious activities
Central nervous system (CNS):
made up of brain & spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous System: connects CNS to viscera- controls unconscious activities
Classification of neurons
Interneurons
: multipolar neurons lying withing the CNS. Forms links between other neurons, cell bodies aggregate in nuclei
Motor Neurons
: multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands)
Sensory Neurons
: conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS, uni-polar, but some are bipolar
Connective Tissue Coverings
Perineurium
: covering around fascilcles of nerve fibers
Endoneurium
: covering around individual nerve fibers
Epineurium
: outer covering of nerve
Major parts & functions of brain
Diencephalon
: located above midbrain & under cerebrum. Processes sensory input & controls homeostatic processes
Cerebellum
: Located at the back of the brain and above the spinal cord. Coodinates muscular activity.
Cerebrum
: largest portion of the brain & its in charge of higher mental functions & sensory & motor functions.
Brainstem
: Located at the base of the brain & at the top of the spinal cord. Coordinates visceral activities & connects parts of the nervous system.
Major parts & functions of spinal cord
Function
: transmit impulses to & from brain, & house spinal reflexes
Ascending Tracts:
carry sensory info to brain
Descending Tracts
: carry motor info from brain to muscle/glands
Spinal reflexes:
controlled by reflex arcs that pass through spinal cord
Cervical Enlargement:
thickened near top of spinal cord that provides nerves to upper limbs
Lumbar Enlargement
: thickened region near bottom of spinal cord that gives rise to nerves that serve the lower limbs
Cauda Equina:
formed where spinal cord tapers to point inferiorly & consists of spinal nerves in lumbar & sacral areas
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
Action Potential:
is generated when a stimulus opens chemically gated Na+ channels & Na+ ions flow into cell & inside of neuron becomes less negitive.
Cranial nerves
I Olfactory:
sense of smell
II Optic
: sense of vision
III Oculomotor
: muscle that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust amount of light entering eyes, & focus lenses
IV Trochlear:
muscles that move eyes also associated with the condition of muscles
V Trigeminal:
surface of eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, upper eyelids, upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of palate, skin on face, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, lower lip, muscles of mastication, & muscle of floor mouth
VI Abducens
: muscle that move eyes & conditions of muscles
VII Facial
: associated w/ taste receptors of anterior tongue, facial expressions, tear glands, & salivary glands
VIII Vestibulocochlear:
sense of equilibrium & sense of hearing,
IX Glossopharyngeal:
pharynx( swallowing & salivary glands), tonsils, posterior tongue, cartoid arteries.
X Vagus
: Muscle associated w/ speech & swallowing. Conduct impulses to heart, smooth muscle, glands in thorax abdomen, pharynx, laryx, esophagus & visera of thorax & abdomen.
XI Accessory:
Muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck, back
XII Hyopoglossal
: Muscles that move the tongue.
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
5 pairs of sacral nerves
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves
Neurotransmitters
Serotonine
: leads to sleepiness
Dopamine
: creates a sense of feeling good
Noreipinephrine
: creates sense of feeling good.
Histamine
: release in hypothalamus & promotes alterness
Acetylcholine
: controls skeletal muscle fibers & stimulates contractions at junction
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system:
controls involuntary effectors
Sympathetic Division
: active in conditions of stress or emergency (flight or fight)
Parasympathetic Division:
active under normal, restful condition (rest or digest)
They are
different
because sympathetic division is associated w/ fight or flight & parasympathetic division is associated w/ rest or digest.
Sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions are
similar
because they are both part of the ANS, both originate from spinal cord, & both have effect the body's emotional state.
Reflex arc
Sensory Neuron:
carries info from receptor into brain or spinal cord
Sensory Receptor:
detects changes
Interneuron
: carries info from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Motor Neuron:
carries instructions from brain or spinal cord out to effector
Effector
: responds to stimulation by motor neuron & produces reflex or behavioral action
Disorders/Diseases
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke):
Occurs when blood flows to a portion of the brain is halted. Happens in people w/ high cholesterol, diabetes, & old age.
Autism
: brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate. Occurs in mostly males, family history, & environment. Symptoms include delay in speech, anxiety, or depression.
Alzheimers Disease:
form of dementia associated w/ age. Caused by hereditary, age over 60, & past head trauma. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, & mood changes.
Spinal cord injury:
Damage to spinal cord. Caused by direct injury or disease, assault, fall accident, or weakened vertebral column. Symptoms include paralysis, weakness, & spastic muscles. Treatment includes are bed rest, surgery, or spinal traction.
Meningitis
: Infection in the meninges surrounding the brain. Caused by tumors, drug allergies, fungi, or parasites. Symptoms include irritation, stiff neck, fever or chills.
Multiple Sclerosis
: Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath. Caused by family history or possible viral infection. Symptoms vary depending on location & severity. No known cure.
Drugs of abuse
Methamphetamine
: enters the dopamine vesicles forcing dopamine molecules out. Excess dopamine in cell causes transporters to start working in reverse & pumps dopamine out into the synapse.
Alcohol
: delivers a double sediative punch. Interacts with GABA receptors to make them more inhibitory & binds to glutamate receptors preventing it from exiciting cell.
LSD
: Interacts w/ receptors but not always the same ones. LSD may inhibit or excite them.
Heroine
: Natural & active oplate receptors is shut down w/ inhibition dopamine isn't released.
Cocaine
: Blocks transporters leaving dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft. Dopamine binds readily to receptors overstimulating the cell.
Marijuana
: Cannabinoid receptors turn off the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter. Without inhibition, dopamine can be released.
Ecstasy
: mimics serotonin & is taken up by serotonin transporters. Is more readily taken up than serotonin itself.