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Late Modern English 1800-1900 CE, Linguistic features that are implemented…
Late Modern English 1800-1900 CE
Syntax
wider range of syntax: apart from commas and semi-colons we can see colons, exclamation marks, dashes, question marks
Graphology
the use of roman numericals
the utilization of multiple fonts can be seen in one text
sometimes the text is organized into several paragraps, sometimes not
Lexis
words formed with Latin&Greek prefixes: anti-selfish
Latin borrowing: &c. (et cetera) was abbreviated so now we use 'etc' form; French borrowing: repast- meal,
Greek borrowing: physiognomy
hitherto is still used
the usage of persons instead of people
'ought to'
exceedingly- very
archaic words: ere-before
compound words: commonwealth
Orthography
y-i: gayety- gaiety
the concept of people writing as they hear: trowsers- trousers
due to introduction of Samuel Johnson's dictionary the spelling of lexis was pretty much standartised, few mistakes can be seen: journied- journeyed, waggon-wagon
c-k: ancle-ankle
hyphenated words and words written separately: door-way- doorway, arm chair- armchair, fire-side- fireside
jail was spelled as goal
some words are still written separately: any thing
Morphology
capitalisation is used less frequently than in EME
superlatives are used ex. much better proof
Cultural&Social changes
changes in fashion: breeches- trousers
Grammar
Sometimes conditional clause is not used: Had I beloved... (If I had...)
sometimes there is a mismatch in subject-verb agreement: the size which make five measurements is sufficient
many a boy- many boys
Semantics
want- in the form of noun with a meaning 'need'
employment- any activity, not a job
pejoration: juvenile that used to mean 'youyhful', now is mostly associated with crime and negative behaviours
flatter has the same meaning, however now we mosrly use it to compliment physical qualities
semantic shift: 1) rude- lacking sophistication- impolite, aprupt, 2) class and/or- social order- classes by gender, ethnivity, etc ( there was a broadening in the meaning)
crime was mostly collocated with words to desribe it and its consequenses, but now it is used with words 'prevention' and different types of crime
Linguistic features
listings can be seen; they were used to create imagery and intensify some points
some words were repeated several times throughout the text to draw the readers attention to it and show importance
in some texts bulleted points are sed to give factual information
Linguistic features that are implemented with an intention ro create some kind of effect