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Isaac Medina Per 2 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Isaac Medina Per 2 Nervous System
Major Functions of the System
Reception
Activation of sensory receptors by stimuli such as mechanical stimuli(being bent or squished), chemicals, or temperature. Receptor can then respong to stimuli.
Recieving
Helps to communicate with each other and reacts to changes outside and inside the body. Uses both electrical and chemical means to send and receive messages.
Integration
Uniting all virtual and physical components into a single cohesive infrastructure to ensure that all the individual pieces of an organization work as a whole.
Response
Your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.
Major Divisions and Subdivisions of the Nervous System :
Central Nervous System
Made up of the brain and spinal cord
Brain controls thinking, learning, moving, and feeling.
Spinal Cord carries messages back and forth between the brain and the nerves that run throughout the body.
Peripheral Nervous System
Lies outside your brain and Spinal Cord
Plays the role in both sending information from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body.
The autonomic system and somatic system
Tissues
Neurons
Responsible for communication through electrical signals. Shape varies, neurons are polarized cells, based on the flow of electrical signals along their membrane.
Glia Cells
Supporting cells, allowing neuron function, protects the neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. Many different shapes, sizes, and types. Regulate neurotransmission and help form the blood brain barrier.
Classifications of Neurons
Unipolar
Have a single long axon that's responsible for sending electrical signals
Pseudounipolar
Sensor neurons, found in dorsal root ganglia, most in cranial nerves sensory ganglia carry info. about touch, vibration, proprioception, pain, and temperature.
Multipolar
Receives impulses from multiple neurons via dendrites
Connective Tissue Covering
Epimysium
Densest connective tissue sheath which delimits the different muscles and facilitates their sliding movement between them. Separates the muscle from adjacent structures and carries blood vessels and nerves which supply the muscle tissue.
Endomysium
Thinner portion of the intramuscular connective tissue and is directly in contact with and surrounds every single muscle fibre, forming its immediate external environment.Extends itself without interruption to the perimysium collagen.
Perimysium
The connective tissue sheath that is covering each fasciculus.
Major Parts and Functions of the Brain
Cerebellum
Responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement. Also plays a role in other cognitive functions such as language.
Brainstem
Regulates autonomic functions which are essential to survival and not under our conscious control.
Cerebrum
Manages conscious thought, the coordination of movement, learning, speech, and behavior.
Frontal Lobe
Playing a role in everything from movement to intelligence helps us anticipate the consequences of our actions and aids in planning future actions.
Occipital Lobe
RIght lobe interprets visual signals from the left visual space, while the left lobe performs the same function for the right.
Temporal Lobe
Processes sensory information and are involved in memory,speech, and sense of smell.
Parietal Lobe
Processes tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain.
Hypothalamus
Contains neurons that act to lower body temperature by relaxing smooth muscle in the blood vessels
Pons
Enable a range of activities such as tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing
Thalamus
Relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.Also regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness.
Medulla
Serves as a bridge between various parts of the nervous system.
Pituitary Gland
Governs the function of other glands in the body regulating the flow of hormones from the thyroid,adrenals,ovaries and testicles.
Cortex
Receives information from various lobes of the brain and uses this information to carry out body movements.
Hippocampus
Stores information such as long term.
Midbrain
Main portion of the Central Nervous System is involved in auditory and visual.
Meninges
Three layers of protective coverings that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Major parts and functions of the Spinal Cord
Sacral
Provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis. Helps stability and function to the lower back and legs.
Thoracic
Helps stabilize your rib cage, then helps stabilize your thoracic spine. Together, your thoracic spine and ribcage protect your heart and lungs.
Lumbar
Support most of your body weight. Center of your body balance, your lumbar spine and the muscle ligaments that attach to them allow you to walk, run. sit, lift, and move your body in all directions.
Cervical
The origins and insertion points for the muscles supporting head and neck movement. Protects it from external compression.
Action Potential and the Nerve impulse
Is an electric charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron. It can be generated when a neuron's membrane potential is changed by chemical signals from a nearby cell.
Cranial nerves
Optic Nerve
Sensory
Sends visual messages to your brain to help you see you have an optic nerve at the back of each eye that connects directly to your brain.
Oculomotor Nerve
Motor
Helps to adjust and coordinate eye position during movement.
Trochlear Nerve
Motor
Supplying the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball
Trigeminal Nerve
Mixed
Largest of the cranial nerves and provides sensory innervation to the face and is divided into three main branches, The different branches are the ophthalmic, maxillary, nd mandibular nerves.
Abducens Nerve
Motor
Supplies the muscles concerned with the lateral movement of the eyeballs.
Facial Nerve
Mixed
Controls facial movement and expression. The facial nerve also carries nerves that are involved in taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and producing tears(lacrimal gland).
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Conveys sensory impulses from the organs of hearing and balance in the inner ear to the brain. Each side branches into vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Mixed
Has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic functions. It has impairment of taste and originates from the medulla oblongata and terminates in the pharynx.
Vagus Nerve
Mixed
Controls digestion, heart rate and immune system. These functions are involuntary, meaning you can't consciously control them.
Accessory Nerve
Motor
Essential for neck and shoulder movement, the intrinsic musculature of the larynx, and the sensitive afferences of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid musculature.
Hypoglossal Nerve
Motor
Innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve.
Spinal Nerves
Thoracic
These nerves go into the top of your chest and into your arms and hands. Carries movement and sensory signals from your spinal cord to your arms and hands.
Cervical
They stimulate muscle movement in your neck, shoulder, arm and hand, and provide sensation.
Lumbar
Carry sensory and motor information to the lower body. The spinal nerves innervate the skin and the muscles of a specififc region.
Sacral
Provide motor control to and receive sensory information from most of the pelvis and leg.
Coccygeal
They originate from the conus medullaris terminal segment of the spinal cord located in the distal part of the vertebral column.
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Gives you feeling of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation. Also plays a role in controlling memory, mood, sleep, learning, concentration, movement and other body functions.
Serotonine
More focused, emotionally stable, happier, and calmer.
Acetylcholine
Plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal, and involuntary muscle movement.
Histamine
Works with nerves to produce itching. In food allergies it causes vomiting and diarrhea. Can have fatal reactions like making it harder to breathe.
Norepinephrine
Regulates of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic Division
Referred to by the epithet of rest and digest.
Sympathetic Division
Associated with the fight-or-flight response
Balance
Homeostasis is what balances the two systems.
Reflex Arc
Effector
Responsible for carrying the nerve impulses to the effector organ.
Interneuron
Provides communication within the central nervous system between the afferent neuron and the efferent neuron.
Sensory Receptor
Receives information and assists in generating impulses and carries information from the receptor to the interneurons.
Afferent neuron
Sensory neuron that is connected to the receptor and carries the signal to the central nervous system.
Neurons
Deliver signals from sensory organs to the CNS,
Efferent fibres
Motor neuron that travels from the central nervous system back out to the body to carry out the response.
Disorders/Diseases
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted and is caused by diabetes, high cholesterol, and increasing age. Severe headache, change in alertness, and confusion/memory loss can be symptoms but hospitalization, blood clot, or blood thinners can be treatment methods for it.
Autism
Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate, and is caused by Family history, hereditary, or environmental. Repeated behavior, anxiety, or depression are symptoms but medication, coping skills, or specialized therapy can treat it.
Alzheimer's Disease
A form of dementia associated with age and causes can be hereditary, family history, or being over 60. Memory loss, confusion/disorientation, or mood/behavior change can be symptoms, and it is incurable but can be helped with medication .
Spinal Cord Injury
Damage to the spinal cord and can be caused by direct injury, weakened vertebral column, or a fluid build up. Weakness, spastic muscles, or loss of bladder can be a symptom. Surgery, resting, or medication can be used to treat it.
Meningitis
Infection surrounding the brain and is caused by drug allergies, tumors, or fungi or parasites. Fever chills, stiffness in the neck, or irritation can be a symptom. You can use antibiotics, bacteria, or medication to treat it.
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath caused by hereditary, family history, or environmental factors. Muscle weakness, incontinence, or constipation can be symptoms but there is no known cure, but steroid treatment or medication can treat it.
Drugs of Abuse
Heroine
Heroin mimics natural opiates, turning off dopamine inhibition. Producing feelings of sedation and well-being.
Alcohol
When entering the brain it delivers a double sedative punch. It interacts with GABA receptors to make them even more inhibitory binds to glutamate.
Cocaine
Cocaine blocks these transports, leaving dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft. As a result dopamine binds again and again to the receptors over stimulating the cocaine so it concentrates in the reward pathway. It's active in the part pf the brain controlling voluntary movement. This is why cocaine abusers are fidgety and unable to be still.
LSD
Binds with serotonin receptors, can inhibit or excite receptors affect different places of receptors. Wakefulness, evoking a starting response.
Methamphetamine
Enters dopamine vesicles forcing dopamine out, causing the transporters to work in reverse, pumping dopamine out cell into synapse.
Dopamine over stimulates cell, meth directly enters the brain reward pathway, causing it ot be addictive.
Ecstasy
Serotonin causing serotonin transporters to work in reverse sending serationin out and ecstasy replaces. Responsible for mood, sleep, perception, appetite with a slight reward oath giving slightly addictive properties.
Marijuana
Inhibitory neurotransmitters are active in the synapse before the system enters.THC binds to cannabinoid receptors turning off inhibition and allowing dopamine to squirt into the synapse.
Removes unnecessary short term memories responsible for slowing down movements, feelings of calm and relaxation.