Dana De Guzman, pd2. Nervous system
Major functions of the nervous system
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system. (all subdivisions of CNS and PNS)
Tissues (structure and functions of neurons and neuroglia)
Classification of neurons
Connective tissue coverings
Major parts and functions of the brain
major parts and functions of the spinal cord
action potential and the nerve impulse
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Neurotransmitters
compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
reflex arc (major parts & functions)
disorders/diseases
drugs of abuse (mouse party)
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke): occurse when blood flow to ceportion of the brain
Autism: brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
Alzheimer's disease: a form of dementia associated with age
Spinal cord Injury: damage to spinal cord
Meningitis: infection in the meningitis surrounding the brain
Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
Symptoms
severe headache, change in hearing taste, or vision, change in alerting
delay in learning, repeated behavior, anxiety
memory loss, unfounded suspicions, mood and behavior changes
weakness, loss of feeling below, spastic muscles
nausea, vomitting, fever and chills, stiff neck
Vision, hearing loss, muscle weakness, incontinence, frequent urination
Methamphetamine: interferes with dopamine
Alcohol: glutamate
meth forces dopamine molecules out, more dopamine is entering/produced
cocaine: dopamine
the double sedative prevents glutamate from exciting the cell
cocaine stops dopamine molecules in synaptic cleft and allows them to bind to receptors.
LSD: serotonin
is similar to serotinin complex in sensory effects
Heroine: inhibitory neurotransmitter
Heroin mimics natural opiates and binds to opiate receptors which turns off dopamine receptors. Dopamine floods the synapse and produces feelings of sedation
Ecstasy: serotonin
seratonin transporters makes them temporarily confused, releasing seratonin and overstimulates the cell
Marijuanna: inhibition, dopamine
THC blocks the cannabinoid receptor allowing dopamine to be released
intense pleaseure and exiliration
affects memory, decision making, and impulse control
fidgety, unable to stay still
wakefullness and evoking startle response to unexpected stimulus
reduces people's feelings of pain, stress, and emotional attachments. opiates are natural painkillers
Sensory receptor: detects changes
*Sensory neuron: carries information from a receptor towards the CNS
interneuron: in the CNS (reflex center)
Motor neuron: carries command to effectors
Effector: muscle or gland that carries out a reflec) that responds to the initial change
*Reflex functions: refleces control heart rate, blood pressure, etc. carry out autonamitc responses like vomitting, sneezing, swallowing, etc.
Withdrawl reflex: occurs in response to touching something painful. ⭐ involves sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
Sensory input, integration, processing, and motor output
Sensory functions:
Provided by sensory receptors, detects internal and external changes
Information travels from receptors to sensory neurons, which transport information to the CNS
Integrative functions:
Coordination of sensory information in the CNS
Processing of this information is the basis for decision-making
Motor functions:
Nerve impules (CNS)are conducted along motor neurons to effectors
Effectors are muscles or glands that respond to decisions mad in the CNS
Dura mater: outer most layer of the meninges. Made up of tough, dense connective tissue. The sheath around the spinal cord is separated from the vertebrae by the epidural space
Arachnoid mater: the middle layer of meninges. Between aranoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space and contains the cerebrospinal fluid.
Pia mater: inner most layer of the meninges
Epineurium: outer covering of the nerve
Perineurium: covering arund fasicles of nerve fibers
endoneurium: covering around individual nerve fibers (axon)
Central nervous system: made up of brain and spnial cord. responsible for integration of information and decision- making
Peripheral nervous system (PNS:) made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connect to the CNS to the rest of the body
Somatic Nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system: control involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)
multi polar neurons: have many dendrites and one axon in the CNS
Bipolar neurons: have 2 process extending from the cell body, a dendrite and neuron. Found in eyes, nose, ears
*unipolar neurons: only have 1 processes extending from the cell body. Splits into 2 parts that has 1 axon.
sensory (afferent) neurons: conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS. usually unipolar but also bipolar
Motor (efferent) neurons: multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands)
Cerebrum: largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and sensory and motor functions
Diencepphalon: processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
Cerebellum: coordinates muscular activity
Brainstem: coordinates muscular activities, and connects different parts of the nervous system
Spinal cord: begins at the base of the brain
Cervical enlargement: a thickened area near top of spinal chord. Provides nerve to upper limbs
Lumbar enlargment: thickened region near the bottom of the spinal cord. Gives rise to nerves that serve the lower liimbs
Cuada equina (horse's tail): structure formed where spinal cord tapers to point inferiorly. Consists of spinal nerves in the lumbar and sacral areas
Sensorry (afferent) nerves: conducts impulses to the CNS
INternueron: carries information from sensory neuron to motor neuron
Receptor: senses specific type of internal or external change
Motor neuron: carries instructions from brain or spinal cord out to effector
Effector: responds to stimulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
12 pairs of cranial nerves: most are mixed nerves
Olfactory nerve: sense of smell
Optic nerve: Ability to see
Oculomotor nerve: ability to move and blink your eyes
*Trochlear nerve: ability to move your eyes up and down and back and forth
Trigeminal nerve: sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movment
Abducens nerve: ability to move your eyes
facial nerve: facial expressions and sense of taste
Auditory/vestibular nerve: sense of hearing and balance
*Glossopharyngeal nerve: ability to taste and swallow
Vagus nerve: digestion and heart rate
Accessory nerve: shoulder and neck muscle movement
Hypoglossal nerve: ability to move your tongue
Mixed nerve. Consists of 31 segments, each of which connects to a pair os spinal nerves.
Carries sensory, motor, and automatic signals.
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal nerve
Microglia: small cells that function as phagocytes for bacterial cells and cellular debris, and produce scar tissue in sites of injury
Oligodendrocytes: forms myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymal cells: produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
Astrocytes: lie between blood vessels and neurons. Forms blood barrier
Chemical messengers in a synapse that convey on electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell
Neuroglia:* cells that support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
neurons: cells that communicate via electrical impulses with other neurons or other tissues
Cell body, dendrites, axon
Myelin sheath: makes the messsage go faster.
Nodes of ranvier: narrow gaps in the myelin sheath
Membrane potential: the charge inside a cell
Resting membrain potential: the charge in a chell when it is at rest
Refactory period: period during and after an action potential
Depolarization: change from negative to positve charge inside a neuron
Repolarization: action potential is reached, cells responds by returning to resting potential
Hyperpolarization: occurs at the end of repolarization