Dana De Guzman, pd2. Nervous system

Major functions of the nervous system

Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system. (all subdivisions of CNS and PNS)

Tissues (structure and functions of neurons and neuroglia)

Classification of neurons

Connective tissue coverings

Major parts and functions of the brain

major parts and functions of the spinal cord

action potential and the nerve impulse

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

Neurotransmitters

compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system

reflex arc (major parts & functions)

disorders/diseases

drugs of abuse (mouse party)

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke): occurse when blood flow to ceportion of the brain

Autism: brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate

Alzheimer's disease: a form of dementia associated with age

Spinal cord Injury: damage to spinal cord

Meningitis: infection in the meningitis surrounding the brain

Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath

Symptoms

severe headache, change in hearing taste, or vision, change in alerting

delay in learning, repeated behavior, anxiety

memory loss, unfounded suspicions, mood and behavior changes

weakness, loss of feeling below, spastic muscles

nausea, vomitting, fever and chills, stiff neck

Vision, hearing loss, muscle weakness, incontinence, frequent urination

Methamphetamine: interferes with dopamine

Alcohol: glutamate

meth forces dopamine molecules out, more dopamine is entering/produced

cocaine: dopamine

the double sedative prevents glutamate from exciting the cell

cocaine stops dopamine molecules in synaptic cleft and allows them to bind to receptors.

LSD: serotonin

is similar to serotinin complex in sensory effects

Heroine: inhibitory neurotransmitter

Heroin mimics natural opiates and binds to opiate receptors which turns off dopamine receptors. Dopamine floods the synapse and produces feelings of sedation

Ecstasy: serotonin

seratonin transporters makes them temporarily confused, releasing seratonin and overstimulates the cell

Marijuanna: inhibition, dopamine

THC blocks the cannabinoid receptor allowing dopamine to be released

intense pleaseure and exiliration

affects memory, decision making, and impulse control

fidgety, unable to stay still

wakefullness and evoking startle response to unexpected stimulus

reduces people's feelings of pain, stress, and emotional attachments. opiates are natural painkillers

Sensory receptor: detects changes

*Sensory neuron: carries information from a receptor towards the CNS

interneuron: in the CNS (reflex center)

Motor neuron: carries command to effectors

Effector: muscle or gland that carries out a reflec) that responds to the initial change

*Reflex functions: refleces control heart rate, blood pressure, etc. carry out autonamitc responses like vomitting, sneezing, swallowing, etc.

Withdrawl reflex: occurs in response to touching something painful. ⭐ involves sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

Sensory input, integration, processing, and motor output

Sensory functions:

Provided by sensory receptors, detects internal and external changes

Information travels from receptors to sensory neurons, which transport information to the CNS

Integrative functions:

Coordination of sensory information in the CNS

Processing of this information is the basis for decision-making

Motor functions:

Nerve impules (CNS)are conducted along motor neurons to effectors

Effectors are muscles or glands that respond to decisions mad in the CNS

Dura mater: outer most layer of the meninges. Made up of tough, dense connective tissue. The sheath around the spinal cord is separated from the vertebrae by the epidural space

Arachnoid mater: the middle layer of meninges. Between aranoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space and contains the cerebrospinal fluid.

Pia mater: inner most layer of the meninges

Epineurium: outer covering of the nerve

Perineurium: covering arund fasicles of nerve fibers

endoneurium: covering around individual nerve fibers (axon)

Central nervous system: made up of brain and spnial cord. responsible for integration of information and decision- making

Peripheral nervous system (PNS:) made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connect to the CNS to the rest of the body

Somatic Nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system: control involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)

multi polar neurons: have many dendrites and one axon in the CNS

Bipolar neurons: have 2 process extending from the cell body, a dendrite and neuron. Found in eyes, nose, ears

*unipolar neurons: only have 1 processes extending from the cell body. Splits into 2 parts that has 1 axon.

sensory (afferent) neurons: conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS. usually unipolar but also bipolar

Motor (efferent) neurons: multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glands)

Cerebrum: largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and sensory and motor functions

Diencepphalon: processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes

Cerebellum: coordinates muscular activity

Brainstem: coordinates muscular activities, and connects different parts of the nervous system

Spinal cord: begins at the base of the brain

Cervical enlargement: a thickened area near top of spinal chord. Provides nerve to upper limbs

Lumbar enlargment: thickened region near the bottom of the spinal cord. Gives rise to nerves that serve the lower liimbs

Cuada equina (horse's tail): structure formed where spinal cord tapers to point inferiorly. Consists of spinal nerves in the lumbar and sacral areas

Sensorry (afferent) nerves: conducts impulses to the CNS

INternueron: carries information from sensory neuron to motor neuron

Receptor: senses specific type of internal or external change

Motor neuron: carries instructions from brain or spinal cord out to effector

Effector: responds to stimulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action

12 pairs of cranial nerves: most are mixed nerves

Olfactory nerve: sense of smell

Optic nerve: Ability to see

Oculomotor nerve: ability to move and blink your eyes

*Trochlear nerve: ability to move your eyes up and down and back and forth

Trigeminal nerve: sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movment

Abducens nerve: ability to move your eyes

facial nerve: facial expressions and sense of taste

Auditory/vestibular nerve: sense of hearing and balance

*Glossopharyngeal nerve: ability to taste and swallow

Vagus nerve: digestion and heart rate

Accessory nerve: shoulder and neck muscle movement

Hypoglossal nerve: ability to move your tongue

Mixed nerve. Consists of 31 segments, each of which connects to a pair os spinal nerves.

Carries sensory, motor, and automatic signals.

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal nerve

Microglia: small cells that function as phagocytes for bacterial cells and cellular debris, and produce scar tissue in sites of injury

Oligodendrocytes: forms myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord.

Ependymal cells: produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS

Astrocytes: lie between blood vessels and neurons. Forms blood barrier

Chemical messengers in a synapse that convey on electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell

Neuroglia:* cells that support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

neurons: cells that communicate via electrical impulses with other neurons or other tissues

Cell body, dendrites, axon

Myelin sheath: makes the messsage go faster.

Nodes of ranvier: narrow gaps in the myelin sheath

Membrane potential: the charge inside a cell

Resting membrain potential: the charge in a chell when it is at rest

Refactory period: period during and after an action potential

Depolarization: change from negative to positve charge inside a neuron

Repolarization: action potential is reached, cells responds by returning to resting potential

Hyperpolarization: occurs at the end of repolarization