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Chapter 11 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - DOPING
        
        Use of peds by athletes in order to improve performance
      - Substance that change chem balance of body when taken, affecting performer ability and providing unfair advantage
    - - Beta-blockers
        
        Prevent adrenaline
        
        Reduce arousal (calming/relaxing affect)
        
        E.g. Snooker, archery
        
        Risks - Reduced blood pressure, tierdness, depression
      - Anabolic steroids
        
        Increase muscle mass fast thus increase power + strength, also speeds up recovery time
        
        Risks - Aggressive behavior, heart disease, hormones effected
        
        E.g. athletics, cycling, weights lifting
      - Diuretics
        
        Increase amount of water passed out of body via urine, helps hide use of other peds
        
        Reduce body weight quick
        
        E.g. Boxing, gymnastics
        
        Risks - dehydration, kidney problems, nausea
      - Stimulants
        
        Affect central nerve system, reduce feelings of pain and discomfort
        
        Increase mental + physical alertness / focus
        
        E.g. Swimming, athletics, american football
        
        Risks - Addiction, strokes, high-blood pressure
- - - - 1) blood taken 3-4 weekls before comp, usually point where haemoglobin level is high
      - 2) Blood frozen to maintain high hemoglobin levels, produce more rbc
      - 3) Body naturally replaces blood removed returning RBC count to normal levels
      - 4) 1-2 days before comp, blood thawed out and reintroduced to performer via blood transfusion
      - 5) Increases number of rbc in body and capacity to carry oxygen
  - - - 1) Epo and blood transfusion increase RBC + haemoglobin
      - 2) More oxygen can be transported to working muscles
      - 3) More energy /ATP can be produced via aerobic respiration
      - 4) Improvement in aerobic capacity
      - 5) Athletes can perform at higher levels for longer periods
    - - 1) More oxygen available to break down + remove lactic acid
      - 2) Athletes recover faster as they are able to pay back oxygen debt more quickly
- - - - Amount of danger actually exists in activity
      - Level of risk after taking into account safety controls + measures
    - - Individual subjective or personal judgement on dangers of activity
      - What some view as dangerous and others may not
  - - - 1) Risks are identified
        
        Behavioural/player risks (fitness, skill levels and behavioral problems)
        
        Environmental risks (weather, climate, facilities)
      - 2) Each risk is given a risk rating
        
        1-5 based on severity
        
        1-5 based on likelihood
        
        Values multiply to provide risk rating 1-25
      - 3) Strategies put in place to reduce risk
        
        Enforcing rules, educating players, adequate supervision, safety equipment, playing area checks, first-aid support etc...
- - - - Blisters
        
        Cause
        
        Repeated rubbing of skin
        
        Description
        
        Small pocket of fluid forms in upper layers of skin after damaged
        
        Treament
        
        If unbroken dont pierce, if broken allow fluid to drain and wash mildly with soap
      - Bruises
        
        Cause
        
        impact with hard object causing capillaries to burst / break
        
        Description
        
        purple coloured patches appear as blood leaks into soft tisue under skin
      - Cuts / grazes
        
        Description -
        
        skin broken causing damage to blood vessels beneath / bleeding
        
        Cause
        
        cuts contact with sharp object / impact, grazes; skin is rubbed off due to scraping against rough surface
        
        Treatment
        
        Apply pressure with clean bandage to stop bleeding, disinfect wound, cover with dressing
      - Winding
        
        Description
        
        Difficulty in breathing due to exertion / blow to stomach causing diaphragm to go into a spasm
        
        Cause
        
        blow to abdomen by ball or opponent
        
        Treatment
        
        loosen clothing, sit in crouched position to allow muscles to relax, stay calm, take deep breaths
  - - - Muscular
        
        Desription
        
        Muscle is overstretched / torn
        
        Cause
        
        overuse / fatigue, sudden explosive movements (sprinting, jumping)
        
        Treatment
        
        using rice method (Rest, Ice, compress, elevate)
      - Tendon
        
        Description
        
        Tendon overstretched / torn due to overuse
        
        Cause
        
        Sudden sharp movements such as throwing, jumping, repeated overuse
        
        Treament
        
        Treatment - using rice method (Rest, Ice, compress, elevate)
      - Ligament
        
        Description
        
        Ligament overstretched or torn (sprain)
        
        Cause
        
        Ligaments twisted / pulled or pulled past normal range of movement
        
        Treatment
        
        using rice method (Rest, Ice, compress, elevate)
      - Dislocation
        
        Description
        
        Sudden force moves bones that make up joint out of position
        
        Cause
        
        Impact or sudden force to limb or joint
        
        Treatment
        
        using rice method (Rest, Ice, compress, elevate), more serious injuries require operation, may be possible to relocate joint at scene