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Birmingham Case Study - Coggle Diagram
Birmingham Case Study
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Zones of a city
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Inner city
Redeveloped in the 1970s into comprehensive development areas. The buildings are tower blocks of flat or high density terraces. There are few shops and fewer factories. There is limited green space.
Houses tend to be terraced, roads are narrow, industrial units - lots of jobs, many inner city areas have been cleared of terraced housing and replaced with high rise tower blocks
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Suburbs
Suburbs extend beyond the inner zone and occupy a large part of the city's area. Some of the suburbs were built in Victorian times, while other housing was built in the 1930's, 1950's and 1960's. Some are centers of council housing, and others were built as private estates. The building density is low with some good quality open space.
Some services available, houses tend to be detached ( arrange in cul de sac form), wide streets
Rural-Urban Fringe
This is where the town meets the country. There is a mixture of land uses such as some housing, golf courses, business parks and airports.
Land use here tends to require space( airports, golf courses, and shopping centers), it is the boundary between rural and urban areas. Houses are usually detached and have large gardens, close to major roads
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Conurbation, Tertiary industry and the Quaternary industry.
Conurbation
A large urban area hat has expanded outwards and in doing so has swallowed smaller urban areas on the outskirts that were once their own towns Eg. London expanding outwards and engulfing areas such as Croyden.
Tertiary industry
This industry is made up of service sector jobs such as transport, health and education. In developed countries, they make up the majority of employment.
Quaternary industry
Technology based industries only exist in developed countries as university graduates are required to work these jobs, advanced infrastructure is required and are usually based in developed countries.
Types of Migration
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National Migration
Where people move from one location to another, but stay in the same country, also known as internal migration.
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Push and Pull factors
Push factors
Factors that "push" people away from areas due to certain things such as lack of jobs or poor living conditions
Things such as lack of food, lack of jobs, Poor weather, remoteness, flooding, unemployment lack of cultural opportunities and pollution can be described as "push" factors.
Pull factors
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Things such as better quality of life, more job availability, access to education, higher salaries, more food/resources, and access to health care can be described as "pull" factors.
Birmingham grew up on a dry point site. The site was South facing (for warmer temperatures) and is positioned on a sandstone ridge which is overlooking a crossing point of the River Rea.
Dry-Point
In some areas of heavy rainfall, settlements were built on raised land to prevent flooding.
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Birmingham developed because of its own industries - Jewellery, gun making and the brass trade.
The manufacture of these good required skilled labour, but only small amounts of raw materials. This was important as pre-1830, Birmingham was not connected by canal and so the transport of large volumes of raw materials would have been very difficult.
Sparkbrook
Sparkbrook is an inner city location in Birmingham (2km south east of the city center) It is a poor area of the city, and in 2009 had the 8th highest level of unemployment in the UK ( 1 in 8 people were unemployed). Sparkbrook is home to a large migrant population. Migrants moved to Sparkbrook because of its cheap accommodation compared to other parts of the city. Furthermore, migrants often choose to live in areas close to people they already know, or where services have developed to support their ethnic group e.g. Polish Supermarkets.
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Birmingham is one of the UK's most diverse cities, with 42% of its inhabitants from non-white ethnic groups.