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Natalie Yracheta P5 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Natalie Yracheta P5 Nervous System
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
4 steps
resting stage- all gated Na+ & K+ channels are closed
depolarization - Na+ channels open
repolarization - Na+ channels close, K+ channels open
hyper polarization- some K+ channels close while Na+ channels reset
Classification of neurons
classified by number of processes
multipolar: 3 or more ( 1 axon 2 dendrites)
bipolar: 2 (1 axon 1 dendrite)
unipolar: 1 (2 axons)
Major functions of the nervous system
sensory input
info gathers about changes by receptors
intergration
info processed and interpreted
motor output
effector organs produce a response
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
PNS
sensory division
somatic fibers convey impulses to skin,skeletal muscles & joints to CNS
visceral fibers convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS
motor divison
transmits impulses to muscles & glands
somatic NS
conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
autonomic NS
conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac,smooth muscle & glands
sympathetic division
"fight or flight"
parasympathetic divison
"sleep and rest"
CNS
Cranial nerves
I. olfactory -purely sensory -sense of smell
II. optic nerve -purely sensory - sense of vision
III. oculomotor -raises eyelid,directs eyeball,constricts iris,controls len shape
IV. trochlear -directs eyeball
V. trigeminal - conveys sensory impulses to various parts of face
VI. abducens -innervates lower eye muscle
VII. facial -causes facial expression,parasympathetic impulses, controls 2/3 of tongue
VIII. vestibucholear -maintains hearing & balance
IX. glossopharyngeal -helps with swallowing -conducts taste and sensory impulse
X. vagus -helps regulate heart,lung,abdominal viscera activities
XI. accessory -innervates trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscle
XII. hypoglossmal -innervates tongue
Major parts and functions of the brain
cerebral hemisphere: allows communication between cerebral areas,cortex, and lower parts of CNS
basal nuclei: influences muscle movement,helps cognition & emotion,filters out inappropriate movements
thalamus: relay station for info
hypothalamus: vital to homeostatsis
Spinal nerves
31 pairs
8 cervical C1-C8
12 thoracic T1-T12
5 lumbar L1-L5
5 sacral S1-S5
1 coccygeal C0
Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine: released at neuromuscular junction
indolamines
serotonin: made from AA tryptophan
histamine
amino acids
catchoamines(from AA tyrosine)
dopamine
norepinnephrine
epinephine
peptides
purpines: have an effect on both CNS & PNS
gases & lipids
endocannabinoids
Tissues
cardiac
skeletal
smooth
Drugs of abuse
heroine
interferes with inhibitory & dopamine transmitters
mimics natural opiates
excessive dopamine floods synapse
causes feeling of sedation
ectasy
interferes with serotonin transporters
mimics serotonin
similar effect to dopamine
marijuana
interferes with dopamine & inhibitory receptors
dopamine enters synapse
causes relaxation
methamphetamine
interferes with dopamine transfer
pushes dopamine into synapse
causes feeling of pleasure/exhilaration
alcohol
interferes GABA neurotransmitters & gluamate neurotransmitters
GABA receptors more inhibitory and gluamate unable to leave cell
effects decision making and impulse control
cocaine
interferes with dopamine transporters
dopamine receptors overstimulate cell
users very fidgety and unable to stop moving
LSD
affects serotonin neurotransmitters
binds to inhibited & excited serotonin receptors
causes feelings of wakefulness & easily startled
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
ANS
innervates cardiac & smooth muscle
uses a 2-way chain
SNS
innervates skeletal muscle
axon xtends in a spinal/cranial nerve directly to muscle
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
provides communication between body and brain
major reflex system
Reflex arc
receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5, effector
Disorders/Diseases
cerebrovascular accident
blood flow to brain stops
burst blood vessel/diabetes/high cholesterol, severe headache/changes in senses,confusion
autism
brain disorder making it difficult to communicate
hereditary, causes a delay in learning / repeated behavior
alzheimer's disease
form of dementia due to age
hereditary, causes memory loss & confusion
spinal cord injury
dmg to spinal cord
direct injury/fluid build up, memory loss & confusion
meningtis
infection in menignes
bacteria/tumor, nausea/fever/chills/stiff neck
multiple sclerosis
dmg to myelin sheath
hereditary/viral infection, muscle weakness & depression
Connective Tissue Coverings
epimysium: covers entire muscle
perimysium: covers groups
endomysium: covers individual fiber