Psych 4
(14.1) Classification of disorders: boundaries of diagnosis fuzzy (more than one for person)(categorical approach bad)
Argue Dimensional approach: score on dimensions of anxiety, depression, agitation, anger, hypochondria(fear of health), rumination(repetitive negative thinking), paranoia.
DSM 5:
Etiology of anxiety related disturbances: Biological: concordance rate = percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder
GABA in neurotransmitters for ANxiety
Preparedness: classical conditioning starts and operant conitnues
Cognitive dis: 1) misinterpret danger 2) focus on threats 3) recall threats
OCD = executive function deficient
Etiology of Depressive and Bipolar: heritability depression (40%) bipolar (65-80%)
Imbalance of norepinephrine and serotonin (low serotonin depression, reduced hippocampal volume, dentate gyrus, stress stops hippocampal volume growth)(amygdala and fear for depression)
Cognitive: learned helplessness (unavoidable adverse effects)
Ruminate depression lasts longer (women do it more) rumination may have to do with anxiety and eating disorders.
Negative thinking more depression (stress and depressive episodes increase likeliness)
Schizophrenia: concordance rates 48% identical and 17% fraternal (46% both parents have it) and increase with low intelligence, excess dopamine could cause or decrease (complicated neurotransmitters) young people weed
Smaller brain parts cuz of schizophrenia or causes it
Neurodisruptional hypothesis says its caused by disruption in growing up
Expressed emotion: extent family gives highly critical or overinvolved attitudes toward patient. (Higher it is, higher relapse rates) (stressful)
Autism: vaccinations (mercury and enlarge brain cause)
Eating disorders: Anorexia most genetic, perfectionism, neuroticism, (sex abuse) (all or none)
Insanity (legal) (cannot be held responsible) Competency ( abilities to stand trial)INSANITY = CRIME COMPETENCY = TRIAL, Involuntary commitment = psychiatric facilities
Treatment process: psychoanalysis (Freud) (Insight therapies: long complex conversations to find nature) (Behavior therapies: learning (stopping phobias)) (Biomedical therapies: drugs physicians)
Clinical and counseling psychologists diagnose and treat psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems. Psychiatrists specialize in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
Treatment with drugs:
Antianxiety drugs: reduce tension, apprehension, and nervousness. Valium/Xanax/Diazepam (tranquilizers)
Antipsychotic drugs: schizophrenia/mood disorders (delusional) : gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. Decrease dopamine systems. (Tardive dyskinesia 15-20%) tic movements in face)
Antidepressant : gradually elevate mood and bring out of depression (selective serotonin)
Mood stabilizer: control mood swings in bipolar (lithium and valproate)
Treatment: cultural humility Eclecticism: two or more systems of therapy combined
Mental hospitals created pathology, Deinstitutionalized to out patient care (mental health centers and effective drug therapies)
Regression towards the mean (score an outlier then score closer to the mean)
Attributions (inferences about what causes behavior)
Internal (your fault) External (environment fault)
fundamental attribution error: observer bias to favor internal attributions in explaining others behaviors Slef serving bias (attribute success internal and failure external)
attitudes: positive or negative evaluations of thoughts. Cognitive: Beliefs Emotional is Affective Behavioral is predispositions Accessibility is often and Ambivalent is swaying
Mere exposure effect: exposure more to stimulus you like it more
Classical conditioning --> evaluative conditioning : transfer emotion from one stimulus to a new conditioned stimulus
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