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Which English :question: Bilde1, . - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Old and new use of "computer"
    - - Terms used for charbonated soft drinks: USA: soda and pop. UK: "fizzy drink". Australia: "soft drink"
    - - Formal VS informal
    - - Southern VS northern American pronunciation of water: "wah-der" VS "waw-ter"
  - - - Rhoticity
        
        Example: In non-rhotic accents, speakers do not pronounce the "r" sound at the end of syllables or before a consonant, except when followed by a vowel sound. Received Pronunciation (RP) in British English is a classic example of a non-rhotic accent. So, in words like "car" or "bird," the "r" sound is not pronounced, and it would sound more like "cah" or "bihd."
      - Centering diphthongs
      - Quality of /r/ and /l/
      - TRAP-BATH split
      - FOOT-STRUT split
      - FACE and GOAT vowels
    - - /h/ in inventory
      - Dental fricatives in inventory
      - Glottal stop instead of /t/
        
        Example: A common example of a glottal stop replacing a /t/ is found in the word "butter." In some English accents or dialects, particularly those influenced by features of Cockney or some American English varieties, speakers might replace the /t/ sound in "butter" with a glottal stop. This results in a pronunciation like "buh-er" where the "tt" sound is replaced by a glottal stop, represented by the abrupt closing and reopening of the glottis in the throat.
- - - - Any form of a language seen as systematically distinct from others (Matthews)
      - A term that encompasses a language, a dialect and an idiolect or accent (Bauer)
      - Academic term for «any kind of language production»
      - Group-specific, nation-based language forms (Galloway & Rose)
  - - - Mutual comprehensibility
      - Political
      - Historical/colonial?
      - Practical?
      - Language is a practice
  - - - More than an accent: includes words and grammar
      - Everyone who speaks a language speaks some dialect of that language
      - All dialects are varieties, but we tend to use «dialect» to refer to regional varieties within a country
  - - - Language as static, bound
      - Learners
      - Norm-providing
      - “Language” noun
      - Setting norms
      - Linguists who approach language as a system focus on its internal structures, including phonology (sounds), morphology (word formation), syntax (sentence structure), and semantics (meaning). This perspective assumes that language operates based on a set of rules and conventions that govern the form and meaning of linguistic elements.
    - - Language is mixed, hybrid, and draws on multiple resources
      - Users
      - Norm-dependent
      - “Languaging” (verb)
      - Meaning making
      - Considering language as a practice shifts the focus from abstract systems to the concrete, situated use of language in social and cultural contexts. This perspective emphasizes the dynamic and interactive nature of language, viewing it as a tool for communication and social action. Language as a practice is about the actual use of language in real-life situations, recognizing the diversity of linguistic practices and the social functions they serve.
      - THE PRIMACY OF PRACTICES AND repertoires as RESULTANT
    - - These two perspectives are not mutually exclusive; rather, they complement each other. While language as a system focuses on the underlying structures and rules, language as a practice emphasizes the lived experience of language in diverse social settings.
        Interaction: The system provides the foundation for language use as a practice. The rules and structures identified in the linguistic system guide the production and interpretation of utterances in real communicative situations.
  - - - Accuracy and fluency idealized (grammar, pronunciation, flow)
      - Communicative language learning (CLT): intelligibility and appropriateness
      - English as a lingua franca (ELF): From core linguistic features toward fluidity and hybridity
      - Performative: Contextualized communicative process over a system to learn
      - Translingual: Communication transcends individual languages and the purely verbal resources
        
        Differences seen as resources
- - - - Historical, chronological model
        
        Kachrus model. Elitist?
        
        Biological model
- - - - Fear of languge decline or "corrution"
      - supression of optional variation
- - - - AKA: dynamic, not static
- - - - Discrete entities/categories, boundaries, fixed, separated,countable, labelled
      - Named languages (Norwegian, English)
      - Multilingualism, code-switching
      - The assumption that language can be conceptualized as separate entities
    - - Fluid resources, first-order languaging/second-order abstractions, bounderies = artificial artifacts, named languages = social constructts
      - Semiotic resources, translanguaging, metrolingualism, polylanguaging, translungual practices,
      - Language CANNOT be conceptualized as separate entities