Traditional family structures are disrupted by industrialization. Characters like Rachael and Stephen Blackpool are cut off from their families because of social conventions and the current state of the economy. Family relationships are frequently neglected in favor of job and financial gain, which dehumanizes family life. As they are unable to do anything but work to make ends barely meet.

Working-class man Stephen Blackpool is employed at Josiah Bounderby's Coketown factory. He yearns for a better life but is stuck in a miserable marriage with an abusive and drunk wife. Being a low-wage worker, Stephen finds it difficult to get out of his current situation. He is unable to effectively break out from his cycle of poverty. As a result of limitations imposed by law and society at the time, Stephen is miserable with his wife and cannot file for divorce as working class men could not only the rich were able too. Referring to the slides in class there were 314 divorces between 1700 and 1857, the majority of them having been begun by the husbands.

"Tess of the D'Urbervilles" is an insightful depiction of the social and economic transformations that industrialization unleashed in rural England. The novel emphasizes how those caught in the midst of social and economic change, suffer from the dehumanizing impacts of societal shifts and the human cost of progress.

Hardy criticizes the hypocritical morals of the Victorian era, which makes Tess's misery worse. Tess is subjected to a moral judgment that is indicative of the dehumanizing effects of inflexible moral standards and social norms.Economic forces, social expectations, and the shifting dynamics brought forth by industrialization all play a part in Tess's terrible end. The deterministic factors influencing Tess's life highlight how people lose agency and control when society changes.

The novel's characters go through a sort of devolution after being exposed to the harsh realities of the flooded planet. Characters such as Kerans and Hardman who experience physical and psychological changes as a result of the intense heat and excessive humidity, which dehumanizes them. The book paints a terrifying picture of a future in which what's left of human civilization is fighting to live in a dangerous world. The harsh circumstances, brought on by both industrial and climate change effects, add to the feeling of dehumanization.

The themes of enlightenment and education are crucial to the character development in Jane Austen's "Emma," especially for Emma Woodhouse, the main character. The book examines the negative effects of lying to oneself, the constraints of social norms, and the significance of personal development.

Emma is shown at the start of the book as a confident but unselfconscious young woman. Her education has been restricted to following traditional social norms, and at first she doesn't recognize the shortcomings in herself. Emma's misguided efforts at matchmaking are a reflection of her ignorance of the nuances of relationships between people. Throughout the book Emma receives advice from Mr. Knightley, a close family friend and seemingly the moral figure of the book. He helps her learn and develop personally by correcting her mistakes and providing helpful suggestions as no one else in the book would. The exchanges between Mr. Knightley and Emma highlight the value of guidance and helpful criticism in the enlightenment process.

Themes of enlightenment and education are deeply integrated into the story in Zadie Smith's book "NW," especially as they pertain to the varied experiences of the characters in Northwest London. The main characters in "NW" have different goals for their level of schooling and come from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Some characters , such as Natalie Blake, have excelled academically yet struggle with the complexity of their upbringing and lack self-enlightenment.

Keisha Blake, now known as Natalie Blake, excels academically and pursues a career in law. Her journey does, however, bring to light the intricacies of identity and the difficulties in balancing one's own goals with those of society. Natalie's narrative illustrates the idea that enlightenment or a sense of community cannot simply be reached by knowledge alone. She goes after greater education, by going to law school, and succeeding as an attorney. Her educational accomplishments represent the traditional route to success and social enlightenment. Although Natalie's quest is characterized by her ambition to rise beyond her working-class background. Her desire for upward mobility motivates her to pursue education, which is consistent with the societal view that success in both the social and economic spheres may be attained through education.

Natalie's story is a complex exploration of identity and self enlightenment despite her academic accomplishment. Her name change from Keisha to Natalie represents a conscious attempt to renounce her working-class identity and blend in with a new social group. This change begs the concerns of how complex identity is and how much one's sense of self may be changed by education. Natalie's path is a reflection of the difficulties she has had being upfront due to the conflict between her working-class upbringing and her academic accomplishments. She struggles with issues of authenticity and belonging, posing more general questions regarding the relationship between education and enlightenment .

Education and enlightenment are major themes in Hanif Kureishi's "The Buddha of Suburbia," which helps Karim Amir in his quest for self-awareness and cross-cultural understanding. The book examines how Karim's perceptions of the world, his relationships, and himself are shaped by his official and informal schooling.

Karim's relationships and sexual experiences with particularly Charlie in the beginning and Jamila, have taught him a lot about intimacy, desire, and the complex nature of relationships. The book portrays his sex experiences as an element of his larger search for understanding adult relationships and self-discovery. Karim is exposed to a rich and varied cultural scene as a result of his move to London. His participation in the arts, especially theater, turns into an educational experience that broadens his perspectives and disproves his assumptions. The book presents the arts as a means of self-expression and enlightenment.

Jane Austen's "Emma" explores social hierarchy in early 19th-century England, especially in light of the story's fictional community of Highbury as its setting. The relationships and interactions between the characters as well as the general dynamics of the society portrayed in the novel are greatly influenced by the characters' social class and rank.

The character of Mr. Elton embodies the idea of social climbing; his desire to improve his own status drives him to pursue Emma, a woman of higher social standing; nevertheless, his attempts are met with resistance, signifying opposition to this kind of upward mobility.

Thomas Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" tackles social structures in Victorian England and focuses on Tess Durbeyfield, and the effects of class, wealth, and social expectations on individuals.

Social hierarchies and class divisions are major topics Dickens addresses in "Hard Times," set in the industrializing Victorian England of the time. Dickens utilizes a variety of people and situations, including the industrial town of Coketown, to analyze the social structures prevalent in the time period.

The working class is embodied by Tess's rural community's Durbeyfield family and other people. Poverty, work, and a lack of social mobility define their existence. The financial hardships and reliance of Tess's family on the landowner serve to highlight the differences in social classes.

Dickens draws a contrast between the posh residences of the upper class and the filthy living circumstances of the working class. The substantial contrasts in opportunity and wealth across different socioeconomic classes are reflected in the difference in housing.

An evident case of this is Alec's raping Tess. Which highlights the helplessness of lower-class women in the face of upper-class dominance. Just because of her social standing, Tess is easily used, and the power dynamics at work are highlighted through her incapacity to turn down Alec's overtures and how she is the one to be blamed and shunned by society.

Though the main focus of the book is the world's decline brought on by rising temperatures and flooding, it also explores the characters' personal growth and self-discovery, especially Dr. Robert Kerans and his friends.

As the story carries on, Kerans experiences a profound psychological shift. At first, Kerans appears detached and uninterested in the bizarre and disastrous environment surrounding him. However, he soon starts having vivid dreams that link him to a primordial past that is submerged. His inner journey begins when these nightmares cause him to reevaluate his feelings and desires. He didnt want people to alter the earths natural process. He wanted evolution to takes its course. Thats why he blew up the dam that Strangemen built and proceeded to leave south as Hardman had.

Self-discovery and personal development are major topics in Zadie Smith's book "NW," which is told through the lives of the characters who live in a Northwest London area. Leah's childhood friend Natalie Blake travels on a difficult path of self-discovery. Natalie appears to have succeeded in society as a successful lawyer, but she struggles with personal issues, identity issues, and striking a balance between her work and personal lives.

The dynamics of relationships, both familial and romantic, play a significant role in the Natalie's journey. Natalie has random Threesomes with men she has never met under the name of Keisha. She leaves each of them completely and utterly dissatisfied. She likes that people want her but she doesn't care in the way that they do. She feels distant from Frank as she feels that she not only has to take care of two children but her husband as well. She does all the work such as the car seat scene.

Self-discovery and personal development are major topics in Virginia Woolf's "Mrs. Dalloway," which are mostly explored via the inner lives of the characters, especially Clarissa Dalloway. Clarissa always felt a sense of she did not belong nor did she feel like herself. She was always felt like she was existing for other instead for herself.

After learning about Septimus' suicide from the Bradshaws during her party, Clarissa makes a crucial discovery. According to the text, "she felt somehow very much like him," meaning the young guy who had committed suicide. She was relieved that he had disposed of it. It was the clock. In the air, the leaden circles vanished. He gave her a sense of both beauty and enjoyment (186). She strictly saw herself as Mrs. Dalloway, Richard Dalloway's wife, before his death since she was constantly preoccupied with being the ideal hostess and

put forward the ideal housewife to the entire community. However, she now feels the need to reconnect with the people in her past and the world at large. Despite being aware of and how she is perceived as Richard Dalloway's wife, she no longer feels that way. She is no longer under strain from society's constant scrutiny. Once more, she seizes control of her life. Instead of dwelling on hypothetical scenarios all the time, she begins to live her life and stops caring about what other people think.

Jane Austen uses satire and critique in her novel "Emma" to lightheartedly highlight the manners, morals, and social mores of early 19th-century English society.

Highbury's vicar, Mr. Elton, is a satirical figure who represents social climbers. His ostentatious and phony attempts to fit in with the higher social circles, particularly his pursuit of Emma, serve to underscore the ridiculousness of pretense and the significance of social standing.The higher socioeconomic class in the novel, the gentry, is satirized in the book for its manners and actions. The social demands and pretenses of the aristocracy are embodied by characters such as Mr. Woodhouse and Mrs. Elton. Specifically, Mrs. Elton is presented as a parody of conceit and social aspiration.

Hanif Kureishi's satirical novel "The Buddha of Suburbia" examines the social, racial, and cultural aspects of suburban London in the 1970s. The novel satirizes the racial tensions and stereotypes prevalent in 1970s London.

A satirical portrayal of Haroon Amir's quest for a bohemian and spiritual lifestyle. His transition from a self-described guru to a suburban bureaucrat serves as a remark on the pursuit of meaning and authenticity in the face of the materialistic and conformist suburban culture. Haroon does so by faking an Indian accent and being the Guru to these white people in London.

Thomas Hardy's "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" heavily emphasizes gender roles, which mirror Victorian England's norms of society and expectations. The book examines how characters' lives and experiences are shaped by prevailing gender norms.

Expectations were high for both men and women in "Tess of the D/Urbervilles". For example, male dominance and control, women's limited agency, and expectations of female purity were all demonstrated. Male characters, like Alec d'Urberville, have a tendency to dominate and manipulate women, like Tess. The power disparities that were present in gender interactions throughout the Victorian era are reflected in Alec's disgraceful act and manipulation. The result of male authority is Tess's lack of independence as well as every other woman.

In the book, women are shown as having little power to control their own lives. Tess is restricted in her choices by the male figures in her life, the state of the economy, and social expectations. Her story's terrible ending is partly caused by her lack of agency. An example of this would be how Tess's mother, sent her to work for Alec knowing what was to come. Though Tess was naive and did not know she had no other choice because of her families economy state.

"Mrs. Dalloway" by Virginia Woolf explores the theme of gender roles. The novel delves into the lives of its characters, particularly the Clarissa Dalloway.

Domestic issues such as party planning, socializing, and housekeeping dominate Clarissa's life. The book highlights the restrictions imposed on women, limiting them to the home and determining their value solely by their status as mothers and wives.

The limitations and expectations that come with marriage are examined in the book. Despite outwardly adhering to social expectations, Clarissa and Richard Dalloway's marriage is characterized by dissatisfaction and the repression of personal needs. The theme draws attention to how difficult it is for women to navigate marriage's expectations.

Traditional gender roles that were common in Victorian society are portrayed in the book. It was common for women to be expected to focus on their responsibilities as spouses and mothers and to adhere to specific household norms. For example, Louisa Gradgrind has to deal with the pressures of being a young lady in a culture that sets expectations for her future. She was in an arranged marriage to Bounderby for the financial benefit of her family.

Louisa's marriage with Mr. Bounderby is indicative of the emphasis placed by society on marriage as a vehicle for social progress. This theme discusses how marriages were frequently arranged for social and economic motives, and how women had little freedom in selecting their life partners.