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nervous system elizabeth gomez-barajas p2 - Coggle Diagram
nervous system elizabeth gomez-barajas p2
major parts and functions of the spinal cord
ascending tracts
carry sensory information to the brain
descending tracts
carry motor information from brain to muscles or glands
major functions
transmit impulses to and from the brain and to house spinal reflexes
spinal reflexes
controlled by reflex arcs that pass through the spinal cord
connective tissue coverings
neuroglia
cells that support neurons
fill spaces, structurally support, protect, and insulate neurons, do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
cns
brain
midbrain
hindbrain
forebrain
spinal cord
pns
autonomic
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
classification of neurons
interneuron (multipolar)
bipolar
motor neuron (multipolar)
sensory neuron (unipolar)
pseudounipolar
drugs of abuse
alcohol
makes gaba receptors even more inhibitory
affects areas in the brain that involve memory formation decision making and impulse control
cocaine
blocks the transporters
focuses on reward pathway makes users fidgety and unable to stand still
methamphetamine
mimics dopamine
work directly on brains reward pathway making us feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
marijuana
mimics anandamide
responsible for slowing down movement, making us feel relaxed and calm
ecstasy
mimics serotonin
affects serotonin pathways responsible for mood, sleep, perception, and appetite
lsd
acts almost exclusively on serotonin recepters
affects feelings of wakefulness and evoke startle response
heroine
mimics natural opiates
produces immediate feeling of sedation and well-being
action potential and the nerve impulses
electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron
reflex arc
receptor
receives the stimulation, sensory receptors send the signal forward
interneuron
from the first signal the neuron moves it on to the motor neuron
effector
responds to the stimulation or the signal
neurotransmitters - carry signals from a nerve cell to the next target cell.
serotonin
well-being, happiness, helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation
dopamine
feelings in pleasure/addiction, movement and motivation
acetylcholine
involved in thought, learning and memory, also in attention and awakening
glutamate
learning and memory, regulates development and creation of nerve contacts
disorders/ diseases
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is hiated
certain types are hereditary, blood vessel is clogged by plaque or blood cut, diabetes
autism
brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
family history, mostly males, environmental
alzheimerś disease
a form of dementia associated with age
family history, hereditary, high insulin levels
spinal cord injury
damage to the spinal cord
fluid build-up around the spinal cord
meningitis
infection in the meninges surround the brain
bacteria or viral infection, drug allergies, fungi or parasites
multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
possibly viral infection by nerve damage caused by inflammation
major functions of the nervous system
integrative function
coordination of sensory information in the cns
processing of this information is the basis for decision-making
motor function
nerve impulses (cns) are conducted along motor neurons to effectors
effectors are muscles or glands that respond to decisions made in the cns
sensory function
provided by sensory receptors, which detect internal or external changes
information travels from receptors to sensory neurons, which transport information into the cns
major parts and functions of the brain
cerebellum
balance, coordination, and control of voluntary movement, fine muscle movement
brainstem
breathing, body temperature, digestion, alertness/sleep, swallowing
frontal
problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning, speaking, voluntary motor activity
parietal
knowing right from left, sensation, reading, body orientation
temporal
understanding language, behavior, memory, hearing
occipital
vision, color perception
cranial nerves
ophthalmic division
sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes,tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids
maxillary division
sensory fibers that conduct impulses from the upper teeth, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face
trigeminal
mixed
mandibular division
sensory fibers that conduct impulses from the skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip
trochlear
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes
abducens
motor fibers that conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes
oculomotor
motor fibers that conduct impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust the amount of light entering the eyes, and focus lenses
facial
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors of the anterior tongue.
optic
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision
vestibulocochlear
vestibular branch
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of equilibrium
cochlear branch
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of hearing
olfactory
sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell
glossopharyngeal
sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid arteries
vagus
somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing
accessory
cranial branch
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx
spinal branch
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the neck and back
hypoglossal
motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the tongue
compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
fight or flight response, active when under stress or worry
parasympathetic
active during rest and digest
tissues
neurons
cells that communicate, via electrical impulses, with other neurons or other tissues
neuroglia
cells that support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons
spinal nerves
coccygeal nerves
1 pair
dorsal root
sensory
sacral nerves
5 pairs
ventral root
motor
lumbar nerves
5 pairs
dorsal root ganglion
houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord
thoracic nerves
12 pairs
spinal nerve
extends out of the vertebral canal through the interverbal foramen
31 pairs
cervical nerves
8 pairs
mixed nerves
all except the first pair