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Concept Map: 06 Nervous - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map: 06 Nervous
Major Functions of the Nervous System
- The central nervous system's responsibilities include receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information. The brain is an organ of nervous tissue that is responsible for responses, sensation, movement, emotions, communication, thought processing, and memory
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
- The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body
Tissues
- neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, microglia, and vascular cells
Classification of neurons
- the neurons are divided into 3 parts such as sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons these three help move or activates the muscles
Connective tissue coverings
- The outermost connective tissue sheath surrounding the entire muscle is known as epimysium. The connective tissue sheath covering each fasciculus is known as perimysium, and the innermost sheath surrounding individual muscle fiber is known as endomysium
Major parts and functions of the brain
- Cerebrum: Your cerebrum interprets sights, sounds and touches. It also regulates emotions, reasoning and learning.
- Cerebellum: Your cerebellum maintains your balance, posture, coordination and fine motor skills.
- Brainstem: Your brainstem regulates many automatic body functions.
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
- Motor Functions directs your body's voluntary muscle movements.
- Sensory Functions monitors sensation of touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
- Autonomic Functions – regulates digestion, urination, body temperature, heart rate, and dilation/contraction of blood vessels (blood pressure).
Action potential and the nerve impulse
- An action potential or a nerve impulse, is an electrical charge that travels along the membrane of a neuron
Cranial nerves
- Cranial nerves send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. Your cranial nerves help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. They also help you make facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue
Spinal Nerves
- Spinal nerves are mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery. Each nerve forms from nerve fibers, known as fila radicularia, extending from the posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) roots of the spinal cord.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help nerve cells communicate with each other. They include serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters serve several functions, such as regulating appetite, the sleep-wake cycle, and mood.
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
- The autonomic nervous system controls the internal organs and glands of the body, whereas the somatic nervous system controls the voluntary muscles of the body.
Reflex arc
- A reflex arc defines the pathway by which a reflex travels from the stimulus to sensory neuron to motor neuron to reflex muscle movement
Disorders/Diseases
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
- occurs when blood flows to a portion of the brain is halted
- The causes could be from diabetes, increasing of age or a blood vessel burst
- Some symptoms are severe headaches, memory loss or muscle weakness
- some treatment is hospitalization, surgery to open clogged vessels or a stroke rehab
Autism
- brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
- Some causes of this is hereditary, mostly males or enviromental
- some symptoms are depression, anxiety or repeated behaviors
-some treatments are medication, coping skills or anxiety management
Alzheimer´s Disease
- a form of dementia associated with age
- the causes of this is hereditary, family history or high insulin levels
- the symptoms are memory loss, confusion and disorientation or mood and behavior changes
- the treatments for this disease is medication or stem cells but its mostly uncurable
Spinal Cord Injury
- damage to spinal cord
- the causes are direct injury or disease, weakened vertebral column or a fluid build up around the spinal cord
- the symptoms are weakness, spastic muscles and paralysis
- the treatment for this is bed rest, physical therapy or surgery
Meningitis
- infection in the meningitis surrounding the brain
- the causes are bacteria or viral infection, tumors, or drug allergies
- the symptoms are nausea and vomiting, fever or chills, and irritation
- the treatment for this is antibiotics, medication to treat symptoms, or prevention with vaccination
Multiple Sclerosis
- autonomic disease that damages the myelin sheath
- the causes are hereditary, family history, and nerve damaged caused by inflammation
- the symptoms are muscle weakness, spasm, tremors, numbness, vision and hearing loss and memory loss
- the treatments is no cure but medication to slow disease progress or physical therapy
Drugs of abuse
Heroine
- before the heroine enters the system. inhibitory neurotransmitter are active in the synapse. These neurotransmitters inhibit dopamine from being released
- The heroine mimics natural optics and binds to opiate receptor, turning off dopamine inhibition. Dopamine is allowed to flood the synapse producing immediate feelings of sedation and well being
- neurons with opiate receptors are in parts of the brain responsible for the transmission of pain signal, stress response and emotional attachment
Ecstasy
- serotonin transporters are responsible for removing serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft after they have done their job. Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is taken up by serotonin transporters
- this interaction with ecstasy alters the transporter. The transporter becomes temporarily ¨confused¨ and starts to do its job reverse. The transporters start transporting serotonin out of the cell
- Mood, sleep, perception and appetite. Ecstasy also indirectly interacts with the reward pathway. The excess serotonin stimulated a milder release of dopamine along the reward pathway giving ecstasy slightly addictive properties.
Methamphetamine
- dopamine transporters are responsible for removing dopamine from the synaptic cleft. Meth mimics dopamine, it is taken into the cell by the dopamine transporters. When inside the cell meth enters the dopamine vesicles forcing the dopamine molecules out
- the excess dopamine in the cell causes the transporters to start working in reverse, actively pumping dopamine out of the cell and into the synapse. The excess dopamine becomes trapped in the synaptic cleft. As a result it binds again and again to the receptors overstimulating the cell
- Meth is highly addictive because it works directly on the brains reward pathway making the user feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
Cocaine
- it interferes with dopamine transporters which are responsible for removing dopamine molecules from the synaptic cleft after they have done their job
- cocaine blocks the transporters leaving the dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft. The dopamine binds again and again to the receptors overstimulating the cell
- cocaine concentrates in the reward pathway. It's also active in the part of the brain controlling voluntary movement. Unable to be still
Marijuana
- before marijuana enters the system, inhibitory neurotransmitters are active in the synapse. These neurotransmitters inhibit dopamine from being released. When activated by the bodys own native canabinoid (anadnide) cannabinoid receptors turn off the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. Without inhibition dopamine can be released
- The active chemical in marijuana mimics anandamide and binds cannabinoid receptors. Inhibition is turned off and dopamine is allowed to squirt into the synapse
- slowing down movement, making us feel relaxed and calm. Unlike the anadamide breaks down very quickly in the body. That explains why anandamide doesn´t produce a perpetual natural high
Alcohol
- inhibitory neurotransmitters, GABA are active throughout the brain. These neurotransmitter act to control neural activity along many brain pathways. When GABA binds to receptor the cell is less likely to fire
- When alcohol enters the brain it delivers a double sedative punch. It interacts with GABA receptors to make them even inhibitory. Thrn it binds to glutamate receptors preventing the glutamate from exciting the cell
- alcohol particularly affects areas of the brain involved in memory formation decision making and impulse control
LSD
- LSD acts almost exclusively on serotonin neurons. LSD chemically resembles serotonin and elicits its effect by binding to serotonin receptors. There are several types of serotonin receptors in the brain. Each is responsible for performing specific functions
- LSD interacts with particular receptors, but not always in the same way. Sometimes LSD may inhibit them and sometimes it may excite them. LSD has complex sensory effects
- LSD and other hallucinogens excite a particular region of the brain known as the locus coleus. A single neuron from the LC may branch to many different sensory areas of the brain. The LC is responsible for feelings of wakefulness and evoking a static response to unexpected stimulus