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Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology Nervous System - Coggle…
Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology
Nervous System
Major functions of the nervous system
integration and processing
Motor output
Sensory Input
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (include all subdivisions of CNS
and PNS)
Central Nervous System
Made up of the brain and spinal cord.Responsible for integration of information and decision-making
Peripheral Nervous System.
Made up of cranial and spinal nerves
that connect the CNS to the rest of
the body.
Autonomic Nervous System.
Only has motor Neurons.
controls involuntary effectors (smooth and
cardiac muscles and glands).
Sympathetic Nervous System
active under normal, restful
conditions (rest and digest).Long preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division arise
from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Parasympathetic Nervous System
active in conditions of stress or
emergency (fight or flight).Short preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division arise from neurons in the gray matter in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
Somatic Nervous System
controls voluntary skeletal muscles
Tissues (structure & function of neurons and neuroglia)
Neuroglia
cells that support, nourish, protect, and insulate
neurons.
Dendrites
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Neurons
cells that communicate, via electrical impulses, with
other neurons or other tissues
Axons
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
Myelin sheaths
Make signal send out faster
Nodes of Ranvier
Information jumps from one to another as these are between myelin sheaths
Classification of neurons
Sensory
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials
Integrative
A type of neuron which carries information to other motor neurons
Motor Neuron
cell of the central nervous system. Motor neurons transmit signals to muscle cells or glands to control their functional output
Connective Tissue Coverings
Arachnoid Mater
Middle layer between Pia Mater and Dura Mater
Dura Mater
Outermost layer and toughest layer of connective tissue coverings on the brain. Surround the brain entirely top bottom left and right
Pia Mater
Innermost layer of connective tissue covering
Major parts and functions of the brain
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain containing, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and sensory & motor functions.
Cerebellum
cerebellum is the "smaller brain" .coordinates muscular activity
Diencephalon
Containing; thalamus and hypothalamus. processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
Brainstem
coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects
different parts of the nervous system
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Lumbar enlargement
A thickened region near the bottom of the spinal cord. Gives rise to nerves that serve the lower limbs.
Cauda Equina
Structure formed where spinal cord tapers to a point inferiorly. Consists of spinal nerves in the lumbar & sacral areas.
Cervical enlargement
A thickened area near top of spinal cord. Provides nerves to upper limbs.
transmit impulses to and from the brain, and to house spinal reflexes
Ascending tracts
carry sensory information to the brain
Descending tracts
descending tracts carry
motor information from brain to muscles or glands.
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
polarization
Cell membranes of neurons are usually polarized, meaning that the charge inside the membrane is different from the charge outside the membrane
depolarization
Change from negative to positive charge inside neuron is called
depolarization, since now, inside and outside are both positive
hyperpolarization
At end of repolarization, a slight overshoot called hyperpolarization occurs, in which potential dips below -70 mV
Refractory period
period during and after an action potential, during
which a threshold stimulus will not cause another action potential
repolarization
When action potential is reached, cell responds by returning to resting
potential (-70 mV) by process of repolarization
Cranial nerves
VII Facial
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors of the anterior tongue. Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands.
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular branch
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of equilibrium.
Cochlear branch
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of hearing.
VI Abducens
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes. Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles.
IX Glossopharyngeal
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid arteries
V Trigeminal
Ophthalmic division
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead and upper eyelids
Maxillary division
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face.
Mandibular division
Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum and lower lip
X Vagus
Somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing; autonomic motor fibers conduct impulses to the heart, smooth muscle, and glands in the thorax and abdomen
IV Trochlear
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes. Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles.
III Oculomotor
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move eyes, adjust
the amount of light entering the eyes, and focus lenses
Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the condition of muscles.
II Optic
Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision.
I Olfactory
Sensory Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell
XI Accessory
Cranial Branch
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
Spinal Branch
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the neck and back.
XII Hypoglossal
Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the tongue.
Spinal nerves
Cervical Nerves
Thoracic Nerves
Give nerves to upper limbs
Lumbar Nerves
Near bottom of spinal ford give nerves to lower limbs
Sacral Nerves
Neurotransmitters
seratonin
CNS
Primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD, enhanced by
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (SSRIs).
Histamine
CNS
Release in hypothalamus promotes alertness.
Dopamine
CNS
Creates a sense of feeling good; deficiency in some brain areas is associated
with Parkinson disease.
PNS
Limited actions in autonomic nervous system; may excite or inhibit, depending
on receptors
Norepinephrine
CNS
Creates a sense of feeling good; low levels may lead to depression.
PNS
May excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on
receptors
Acetylcholine
CNS
Controls skeletal muscle actions.
PNS
Stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions; may excite
or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions, depending on receptors.
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
The axons then leave the spinal nerves, and proceed into the sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglia, a chain of sympathetic ganglia close to the vertebral column on each side.
Parasympathetic
Long preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division arise from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
The preganglionic fibers extend outward in cranial or sacral nerves, and synapse in terminal ganglia close to or in visceral effector organs
Short postganglionic fibers continue into the effector organs (muscles or glands).
Reflex arc (major parts & functions) have sensory
receptors in the viscera and skin
preganglionic neuron
that leaves the CNS, and synapses with one or more neurons, which have cell bodies in an autonomic ganglion in the CNS
postganglionic neuron
whose fiber (axon) leaves an
autonomic ganglion, and innervates a visceral effector.
Abuse of Drugs
Methamphetamine
Interferes with dopamine. Meth forces dopamine molecules out, and in turn pushing extra dopamine back into the cleft overstimulating the cell. Gives the person intense pleasure and exhilaration
Alcohol
Interferes with glutamate. Double sedative punch prevents glutamate from exciting the cell. This affects memory formation, decision making and impulse control
Marijuana
Interferes with dopamine. THC plugs the cannabinoid receptor allowing dopamine to be released. Leaves the person feeling relaxed and calm.
Cocain
Interferes with dopamine. Cocaine traps dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and allows them to bind to receptors. Addicts are fidgety and unable to stay still
Ecstacy
Interferes with serotonin. Ecstasy alters seratonin transporters making them temporarily confuse, releasing lots of seratonin out the cell over stimulates cell. Makes mood and sleep perception appetive
LSD
Interferes with serotonin. Resembles serotonin complex in sensory effects. Causes wakefulness and evoking startle response to unexpected stimulus
Heroin
Interferes with dopamine. It mimics a natural opiate and binds to opiate receptors turning off dopamine inhibition. Dopamine floods the synapse and inhibits feeling of sedation and well being
Disorders/Diseases
Alzheimers Disease
Form of dementia associated with legs. Caused by hereditary age and high insulin. Memory loss, confusion and disorientation are the symptoms. Treatment options include medications and removal of behavior triggers.
Spinal Cord injuries
Damage to the spinal cord. Caused by direct injury or disease. Symptoms include weakness spastic muscles. Treatment options include medication and surgery
Autism
Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate. Caused by family history or hereditary. Delays learning and can make someone non-communicative. Medication and coping skills help with treatment
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
Occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain is halted. Blood vessels are clogged by plaque or blood clot. Can cause severe headaches and changing in hearing. Treatment includes hospitalization
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease that damage the myelin sheath. Causes may include, hereditary, family history, and diagnosis 20-40 years of age. Symptoms include. Muscle weakness, spasms and numbness. Treatment options include, medication and physical therapy
Meningitis
Infection in the brain meninges. Caused by bacteria, tumors and parasites. Symptoms include, nausea, irritation and stiffness. Treatment options include bacterial antibiotics and vaccinations
