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Mind the gap: How to measure the relationship between socio-economic…

- - - - OFSTED did an inspection into the effectiveness of the pupil premium spending. It came up with the following characteristics for successful schools:
      - Ring fenced funding and didn’t confuse low-ability w/ pupil premium
      - Focused on low achieving students in core subjects (i.e maths and English)
      - Allocated best teachers to these low achieving groups
      - Used achievement data to see how effective their approaches were
      - Good communication and a designated Senior lead
- - - - )
- - - - https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/aug/24/record-north-south-gap-in-top-gcse-grades-blamed-on-london-centric-policies
        
        Also attendence figures in the north are worse compared to london
- - - - Lenkeit, J., Schwippert, K. & Knigge, M(2017) Configurations of multiple disparities in reading performance: Longitudinal observations across France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom
        
        same study - In 2000, parental occupation and the number of books at home were significant factors contributing to a relative disadvantage in reading, particularly affecting boys
        First-generation immigrant background students also faced disadvantages compared to their second-generation and native peers, as did students in schools with lower average parental occupational prestige.
        n 2012, there were shifts in these patterns, with immigrant background becoming less predictive of reading attainment
        A consistent interaction effect was observed across cycles between parental occupation and education, with the association between parental occupation and reading attainment being stronger for students whose parents achieved higher education degrees.
        
        Chance of attending uni influenced by parents education- State school students with highly educated parents are five times more likely to go to university than those from families with few qualifications, according to a study by the Institute of Education.
        
        Even after academic achievement is taken into account, children with university-educated parents are still twice as likely to go into higher education themselves than their peers from families with no qualifications.
        And they are also twice as likely to win places at the UK's 24 leading universities
        according to a study by the Institute of Education.
        
        'Achievement Motivation" Murray 1938
        
        Parents with more education also have higher expectation for their children's education which facilitate the greater educational attainment for their children (Alexander, Entwisle &, Bedinger, 1994).
        
        Well educated parents are involved more in their children's education than less educated parents. (Grolnick & Slowiaczek, 1994; Stevenson & Baker, 1997 . )Richard and David (1967) argued that parental level of education influences parental involvement, support and expectation for their children. In turn these parental involvement, support and expectation influence achievement motivation of adolescents.
        
        Klebanov, Gunn and Duncan (1994) found that both mother's education and family income were important predictors of the physical environment and learning experiences in the home
        
        Acharya, Neha, and Shobhna Joshi. "Influence of parents' education on achievement motivation of adolescents." Indian Journal Social Science Researches 6.1 (2009): 72-79.