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Pharmacology - 2003 - Coggle Diagram
Pharmacology - 2003
Drugs used in upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
otitis media
common causes
S. pneumoniae
H. influenza
usually bacterial
inflammation of the middle ear
occurs in the area between the tympanic membrane and inner ear, including a duct known as eustachian tube
common in children due to shorter eustachian tubes than adults (symptom: pulling at ears)
treatment: antibiotics
first line : amoxicillin
eg augmentin
clavulanate increases the effects of amoxicillin
children with penicillin allergies
cephalosporins (eg cefdinir)
true penicillin allergy: macrolide antibiotics
eg erythromycin and azithromycin
sinusitis
inflammation of paranasal sinus
associated with inflammation of the nose, rhinosinusitis used nowadays
most common bacterial cause:
S. pnemoniae
H. influenzae
treatment
first line : amoxicillin
amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (augmentin) in patients not responding to amoxicillin in < 72 hrs
macrolides : azithromycin, clarithromycin
cause GIT disturbance
NSAIDs in case of fever, body aches
usually bacterial
pharyngitis
most common cause of a sore throat
most (40-80%) caused by viral infections
adenovirus : most common viral cause
cough, coryza, conjuctivitis, diarrhea
exudates commonly not present
painless lymphadenopathy
remaining (20-60%) caused by bacterial infections
Beta-hemolytic streptococci : most common bacterial cause
(group A streptococcal) - strep throat
tonsillar exudates
headache, abdominal pain
rapid antigen detection test/culture can be used to confirm
treatment
first line : penicillin
oral penicillin VK (Penicillin V)
penicillin G : intravenous, intramuscular
amoxicillin and clavulanate
macrolides
azithromycin
erythromycin
adverse effects
GI disturbance
jaundice
ototoxicity
cephalosporins : cefadroxil, cefaclor
They interfere with the bacteria's ability to build their protective walls, essentially weakening their defenses. This makes it easier for the body's immune system to swoop in and eliminate the bacteria.
epiglottitis
very rapidly progressive infection
inflammation of epiglottis
may lead to abrupt blockage of upper airway and death
causes
streptococcus pyogenes sequelae (complication after infection)
hemophilus influenza type b
treatment
hospitalization, ventilatory support, intubation
steroids: hydrocortisone
IV antibiotics + second and third generation cephalosporins
not oral because the patient cannot ingest the medicine orally due to inflammation + emergency condition
usually bacterial
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
causes
bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci)
virus (adenovirus, mononucleosis)
treatment
NSAIDs
antibiotics
penicillin : drug of chocie
erythromycin and cefuroxime may be used
layngitis (croup)
inflammation of the larynx
causes
overuse, irritation
infection (rhinovirus, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae)
treatment
antibiotics are rarely required
diphtheria
disease of underdeveloped countries
acute bacterial disease
two types
affects nose and throat
involving skin
cause: corynebacterium diphtheriae
signs and symptoms
bull neck
grey pseudo membrane
treatment
immediate administration of diphtheria antitoxin
diphtheria vaccine
usually combined with tetanus vaccine and acellular pertussis vaccine
forming a triple vaccine known as DTaP
rhinitis (common cold)
irritation and inflammation of internal areas of the nose (nasal mucosa)
may be classified as acute and allergic
acute rhinitis
common cold
allergic rhinitis
hay fever
seasonal variation
early fall
rhinovirus
winter
coronavirus
chemical mediators of inflammation
vascular dilatation
nasal obstruction (congestion)
alpha 1 stimulators (agonists) used to treat congestion
decongestants
alpha 1 responsible for vasoconstriction
increased vascular permeability
serum transudation
rhinorrhea
tissue edema
nasal obstruction
treatment
nasal decongestion
ephedrine
xylometazoline
naphozoline
usually viral
oseltamivir / tamiflu can be prescribed within first 24-48hrs of infection
they inhibit neurominidase spike protein
pause host cell metabolism, preventing virus from proliferating
pertussis / whooping cough
acute respiratory tract infection
contagious bacterial disease that causes uncontrollable, violent coughing
bordetella pertussis: cause of epidemic pertussis + usual cause of sporadic pertussis
disease occurs 3-12 days after exposure
treatment
antibiotics
first line : macrolides
azithromycin
erythromycin
clarithromycin
vaccinations
childhood
DTaP - Daptacel
capital D
adults
Tdap - adace
starts with T