Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

UNIT 4, UNIT 4 PT 3, UNIT 4 PT 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Social Insurance , right, and social services
      - Economic management and government influence over market
      - Provisions for the Poor
  - - - Neoliberalism converged around demonizing working class and poor black people -> undermines the legitimacy fo a welfare state
      - Norms around explicit racist shifted "racial claims were now couched in ostensibly neutral language"
      - Political Backlash and Inflation in the 1970s
        
        roll back gaiins, effort to restore profittabiliity while ssmashingi the expectations of ordinary workers
        
        social spending and rising wages were blamed for inflation
        
        Disciplining labor:
      - National income growth has not been shared by the bottom 50%
    - - Meritocracy: refers to the idea htatt ssksill and effort are rewarde
      - Related to individualism: people responssible for economic conditions
      - American dream: Anyone can make it
      - Education seen as key for poor children to achieve
      - Rewards translate to middle or upper class lifestyle by high levels of resource consumption
      - Can feel empowering for those with few opportunities
        
        by reducing uncertainty, existential motive to reduce threat, relational motives to connect with mainstream society
        
        status quo is legitimate and desirable serves epistemic motives
      - is US really a meritocracy? empirical question
        
        If family background has no relation to earnings as adult -> measured through upward economic mobility
        
        US as low mobility high inequality
        
        Upward mobility peaked during post war boom then stagnated
        
        Income inequality has grown, those below median has been left behind
        
        KEY FINDINGS
        
        Opportunity Structure: what resources are available
        
        Parental income predicts how much children earn
        
        Climbers take extraordinary skill and fortitude
- - - - idea of race hierarchy works to naturalize broad spectrum of inequalities
      - some groups meant to be at bottom- no questions about deprivation
      - Nothing to be done because nothing can be done
      - If some are meant to be at top no questions will be asked about their wealth
      - His interest in hierarchal society built on racism serves their interest in hierarchical society built on class and ruled by capital
  - - - Welfare state perspective: focus on addressing equality trough government interventions, programs, top-down redistribution
      - Neoliberal perspective: focus on promoting efficiency by limiting the involvement of government except in ways that ensure healthy market conditions
- - - - economic
      - cultural
      - political
    - - when unions strong; wages rose w productivity
      - American workers being denied profits they are generating because no strong organization to demand their fair share
    - - ever inreasing focus on productivityy
      - echnology diiessigned to get things done w efficiency
      - Problem addressed is Time Wastte without reference tto its rrelatinisihp o labor and exploitation
    - - loss of control over time is occurring across the SES distribution
      - climbing the ladder of defending one's position is nott translating to free ttime
      - Theoretical argument: structure of laborr relations drives phenomenon
  - - - Three conceptions
        
        provisions for poor
        
        social insurance, rights, and social services
        
        Economic management and goverrnment influence over markets
      - Justaposed ot neoliberalism becauses iit is community minded public provision of goods over competition
      - Political contests largely center on provisions for the poor and the question of "Who deserves social support"
      - the US Welfare State
        
        Emerged after great depression- broader safety net
        
        Current system
        
        Temporarry assitance for enedy fammilies
        
        Supplamental Nutrition Assistance Program
        
        Earned Income Tax Credit
        
        Medicaid
        
        Welfare policies tto help aid poor are tenssion with "free rider" problem
        
        Social stigma attached to welfare
    - - Poverty fluctuates w the economy
      - Poverty in the US
        
        dispelling myths aboutt poverty
        
        people enter and exit poverty throughout their life
        
        58% of americans will experience poverty for att lleastt one year
        
        67% will been unemployed for a bit- > triggering eventt for poverty
- - - - for working class: school enforces obedience, routine, hierarchy, discipline
      - fo middle class: enforce critical thinking, self advocacy, maximizinig opportunity, multi tasking
      - Labor exploitation is not real taught explicitly, legitimacy of the system that compels such behavior is reinforced
    - - various social background
        
        class relevant attributes
        
        jobs/occupations
        
        levels of individual economi well being
      - usseful for asking what indiividuall attributes prediict success
      - model of class features inputs and outputs but does not hav ea theory of power
      - alternative to SES perspective; focus on funamental divison between capitalistss and workers; capitalissts compelled to maximize profiit; worker alienatioin
    - - at the top: extremely rich capitalist class and corporate managerial class; high consumption standards
      - large and relatively stable middle class; anchored in expansiive and flexible system of gher education and technical training connected to jobs requiring credentials of various sots
      - working classs with standdard of living to midle class but lacks protections
      - poor and precarios segment of the working class; characteized by how wages and relatively inseurer employment , miniial potection
      - marginalized impoverished; without skills and education needed for jobs that would enable them to live above poverty line
      - pattern of interaction between race and class in which the working poor and the marginalized population are disproportionately made up of racial minorities
    - - racial inequalities are reinforced within this class structure- zero sum conflict
      - Feed back loops reinforce inequality within this structure; power hierarchies and the machinery that reinforces the requires either coercion or consent to persist; power structures depend on the ideas that legitimate them
  - - - culture that perpeutatiing overwork
      - narrative consequences: reinforces social inequality; threat to well being; promotes over work; promotes exploitation
      - hegomony:
        
        dominance achieved through the combination of coercion and consent
        
        coercion mayy be infrerquent or threatened
        
        consent acieved through an ideological perspective that legitimates the system of domination
        
        uncomfortable contradictions
        
        we consent to domination beause iit may partially satisfy watt we ened or iti prrovides an optioin most palatable
        
        falling back on tthe diea of merriiotcracy can give us meaning from within soicial positioni
    - - the ideas that inform our understanding of social probles shape polices we use to address it and structures we are willing to accept as legitimiate, just, or natural
- - - - James Baldwin: The Fire Next time: Life is tragic; we sacrifice all the beauty of our lives to imprison ourselves;
      - manifesto for a dream: arguing for sociological, institution centric approach to public policy; distinction between inequality of opportunity and inequality of constraints;
      - Two sides of same coin
        
        Inequality of Opportunity: where you start should not determine where you end up
        
        Inequality of Constraints: Radical intervention; emphasize institutional mechanisms that treat people differently
      - McGhee:
        
        focus on unequal opportunity emphasizes the need to make competitors have equal standing
        
        Focus on unequal institutional constraints forces a discussion of unequal rules of the game
        
        proposes solidarity to counter racial and economic injustices
- - - - Various social background conditions
        
        class relevant attributes
        
        jobs/occupations
        
        levels of individual economic well-being
    - - Power relations and laws giving control over economic resources
        
        social closure and opportunity hoarding among social positions
        
        unequal locations within market relations
        
        conflits over rents and distribution
      - barriers are erected to restrict middle class jobs and other privileges
      - can be extended to other forms of opportunity hoarding in housng aand eduuation markets
- - - - economic class = financiial resosurccess
      - social class = social status
        
        honor, prestige,
      - Thomas the train engineering
        
        under capitalism
        
        owners of the means of production compelled to
        
        maximize profit
        mnimize osts
        extract as much labor as possible
        
        Woker Exploitation and Domination
        
        completed to work o rsk not having access to basic necessities
        
        disciplined and controlled by rules/decisions of owners
        
        experience alienation from themselves, their work, and each other
        
        Pofessional Managerial class
        
        middle role in the hierarchy ; beneficiaries of higher status
        limited control over demands on their own labor
        
        What is it? high level of eduational attainemnt, ssalaried employment, and authorty or responsibiliity in the workplace
      - Exploitation Domination Structure:
        
        Power relations and laws giving conttrol over economic resources
        
        soial closure and opporttuniity hoarding among social positionss
        
        locations within relations of domination and exploitation in production
        
        conflicts over production
        
        Alternative to SES
        Focus on division between capitalist's and workers
        Capitalists compelled to maximize profit
        worker alienation
  - - - income, wealth, FINANCIAL CAPITAL
      - networks, SOCIAL CAPITAL
      - behavior, customs, style, taste, CULTURAL CAPITAL
  - - - low wage sector; unpredictable schedules; inadequiate wages; vulnerability to downturns; limited healthcarer
    - - all consuming meaning of work
      - conspicuous busy nesss
      - high entry costs