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breastfeeding - Coggle Diagram
breastfeeding
PROTEIN Nutrition through the lifestyle
Cows Milk = 3.4g/ 100ml
Infant Formula = 1.3-1.4g/100ml
Human Milk - Colostrum 2-3g/100ml Transitional 1.3-1.5g/100ml. mature Milk 0.9-1.2g/100ml
WHEY - Human = 60-70%. Cows= 20%. Infant Formula = Varies Easily digested and includes alpha-lactalbumin. Which is a major source of amino acids and also important for the digestion and absorption of the breast milk.
CASEIN - Human 40-30%, Cows =80%. Infant Formula = Varies. Phosphorus-containing protein found only in milks.
Other protein fractions within the breast milk, such as lactoferrin, hormones, serum albumin, and other nitrogen-containing compounds (urea, uric acid, creatinine, amino acids) - are important for the digestion and absorption of breast milk.
Carb Content Nutrition through the ages
Lactose (40-45% energy) is a unique carbohydrate that’s only found in milk. It is the main source of carbohydrate. It is really important for a healthy intestine in the infant there’s also a small amount of oligosaccharides (1g/100ml)
colostrum = 4-5g/100ml (low) – high in fat. Mature Milk = 6.7-7.8. Cow.s milk = 4.8/100ml (low)
Lactose is important in terms of carbohydrate energy; it also promotes intestinal colonisation with Lactobacillus bifidus (important microorganism or microbe – it is an example of a more desirable bacteria that we want to have in the intestine
It encourages The acid environment created improves calcium and iron absorption and because we are promoting the colonization of this beneficial bacteria that it helps to keeps in check growth of harmful bacteria.
Lactobacillus produces organic acids and makes B vitamins
Overall breast milk actually promotes a healthier intestine, compared to formula sources.
FAT Nutrition through the lifestyle
90% of the lipid in human milk is in the form of triglycerides, but also: phospholipids; cholesterol, diglycerides; glycolipids; sterol esters; free fatty acids
Foremilk (early milk of a feed) is low in fat, and hind milk (the last part of the milk feed) has 3x more. Colostrum = 2g/100 ml (high in phospholipids).Mature milk= 3.2-3.6g/100ml. Cow's Milk = 3.2-3.6g/100ml
provides 50-55% of the dietary energy for the infant
this varies and is influenced by mum’s diet, the season, time of day, time within one feed (hind milk higher than fore milk)
If an infant doesn’t have a full breast feed, perhaps he or she falls asleep during a feed, so it’s not actually having the normal full feed, it could well be they didn’t actually take the hind milk of that feed and may well wake up in a couple of hours looking for more nutrition/more food and so nor satisfied. Because they have had that foremilk, without the hindmilk. It is important for technique and habit for mum to get into good habits with breastfeeding to ensure that the baby is having a full feed before she puts the baby down for a nap.
Human Milk - Enzyme Content
Xanthine oxidase- carrier for Fe, Mo
All beneficial to the infant.
Antiproteases- protection of bioactive proteins
Lipase- hydrolysis of triglycerides
Amylase- hydrolysis of polysaccharides
Other components associated with fatty acid components
Bile-salt activated lipase; found only in milk of primates this is important as in terms of the infant they have limited lipase activity initially, so important in terms of
aids fat digestion by complementing the activity of infant's pancreatic lipase
Carnitine = involved in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids. essential nutrient especially in premature babies due to the limited capacity to synthesise
Prostaglandins - important for the
contraction of blood vessels, neurotransmission, immune properties, hormonal responses
LC PUFA - DHA (C22:6n3), EPA (C20:5 n-3) ARA C20:4n6). Docosahexaenoic acid = DHA
Eicosapentaenoic acid = EPA and the N6 fatty acid arachidonic acid = ARA – these are the critical rich acid components and are essential in terms of brain development for the infant—key in mum’s diet. The composition of the breast milk will vary with mum’s dietary intake to some extent.
Days 1-3 = 30-300ml. Transitional milk Days 5-14 300-600ml. mature milk by 4 weeks = 750-800ml 280KJK/100ml - 67 Kcal. Regression milk = depends on weaning. Ballard, O & Morrow, A L (2013).
Even breastfeeding for a few days is good as there is an argument that mums who breastfeed even for those few days will convey benefits to the infant. Ballard, O & Morrow, A L (2013).
If mum is undernourished and you find that the milk, composition and volume are protected initially, and possibly to the detriment of mum if need be. It would only be In extreme malnutrition/exhaustion. Mother’s stores are depleted first. That the milk composition may be affected. Ballard, O & Morrow, A L (2013).
When possible, exclusively breastfeeding is recommended by WHO for the first 6 months of life, and continued breastfeeding for at least the first 2 years of life, with complementary foods being introduced at 6 months postpartum.9 Yet globally, many mothers who can and wish to breastfeed face barriers at all levels of the socioecological model proposed in The Lancet's 2016 breastfeeding Series.4
Whilst the UK performs well in some areas, it lags far behind on breastfeeding compared to similarly developed countries, with serious implications for child and lifelong health. The report highlights the importance of enabling health services to achieve and maintain Baby Friendly accreditation in order to better support mothers to breastfeed. - Nuffield Trust 2018
Just 1 in 5 children in high-income countries are breastfed to 12 months, whilst only 1 in 3 children in low- and middle-income countries are exclusively breastfed for the first six months. - Lancet Report 2016
Furthermore, the authors calculate that boosting breastfeeding rates for infants below six months of age to 45% in the UK would cut treatment costs of common childhood illnesses (eg, pneumonia, diarrhoea, and asthma) and save healthcare systems at least US$29.5 million in the UK. Lancet Report 2016
"Global sales of milk formula (including infant formula and follow-on milks) have increased from a value of about US$2 billion in 1987 to about US$40 billion in 2014…Political commitment, investment, and effective international, national, and local leadership are needed to end promotion of products that compete with breastfeeding.”