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Week 2:, Free rider Problem - Coggle Diagram

- - - - being asked strongest predictor of participation (Schussman & Soule)
    - - function in 2 ways
        
        Channels: flow of information
        
        Bridges : connecting actors
    - - "Seekers" / "Teachers"
        
        events may be emotionally shocking and provocative making individuals join (abortian, animal welfare)
        
        =Moral shock argument
      - Consequence: movements often strategically draw images and visualise grievances (barbers-Tomas)
  - - - 3 aspects of ones biography:
        
        1. Socialization experiences
        
        intergenerational transmission (generation to generation)
        
        children get socialised into holding activist values, beliefs, motives
        
        when political orientation is seen as important, drives activism and fosters sense of efficacy
        
        Prosocial orientation
        
        tendency to think about welfare of others
        
        argument: degree to which we hold prosocial orientation related to upbringing= product of intergenerational socialisation
        
        3. Biographically availability
        
        lifecycle and lifestyle choices (married, children, employment)
        
        Assumption: absence of such factors makes individuals biographically available for social movement participation
        
        2. Prior experiences
        
        politically engaged ppl = more likely to participate
        
        politcal engagement combination of:
        
        B. knowledge
        
        informed about politics more inclined to engage
        
        A. interests
        
        without political interest, not likely to participate
        
        C. Orientation
        
        self-identifying as liberal more likely to participate
  - - - feeling one has the capacity/ability to produce desired outcome, power to influence smt
      - individual or collective level
      - EXAMPLE : HOMELESS MOVEMENT
        
        Homeless people who felt protests and personal involvement would educate public and change perception were much more likely to participate (Corrigall-Brown)
    - - shared sense of oneness anchored in shared attributes among collectivity in relation to others
      - strong identification with movement can be significant determinant of participation
        
        however not clear whether identification proceeds participation or if its consequence of it
  - - - Perceived benefits from participation don't outweigh cost and risk
    - - divisible and excludable, eg material benefits like free meals `nd clothing (not always powerful or relevant)
      - also include emotions or feelings of satisfaction of having contributed
    - - rooted in emotional attachments making one feel part of group ( flow from specific group association)
      - Eg generated through emotion (anger, fear, joy) OR small units or networks (age- gender based groups) - u don't want to let others down aswell
    - - generated from principles/ values communicated by movements & heighten sense of obligation and responsibility to cause
      - eg. deploying emotional framing - specific language- amplify reasons to override feeling of risk
        
        amplifying moral obligation
        
        tangible benefits
        
        probable efficacy of collective action
        
        status enhancement "vanguard of history"
        
        urgency of action NOW
        
        emphasise severity
- - - - eg. failure to achieve goals, wearing ties to members or identification, internal conflict - unpleasant participation
    - - eg. changed interest, increase in own demand, weaker collective sense of efficacy, goal of movement replaced or less urgent, strategies/goals chan change of movement
- - - - Assumption: individuals rationally weigh costs and risks
        
        Hechter & Kanazawa
      - Direct costs
        
        immediately related (travel expenses, childcare, supplies like banners)
      - Indirect costs
        
        consequence of participation (lost wages, failing grade, stigmatised for participating)
      - Direct risks
        
        affect at moment of participation (police repression, harassment by counter movements, violence)
      - Indirect risks
        
        not specific to moment ( surveillance footage used in future making legal case)
      - Cross classifying costs & risks of participation
        
        Tabel
- - - - BC: environmental protection is public good + indiv. contribution not likely have impact = free rider problem