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ADDICTION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - D2 receptors
        
        dopamine transmission is affected by the number of dopamine receptors you have, which is genetically controlled. people with addiction are known to have less dopamine receptors so addictive substances that give dopamine are used,
      - nicotine enzyme
        
        some people have a better ability to metablosise certain substances and this is linked to addiction. a study found that some people lack a fully functioning enzyme that metabloses nicotine, and these people smoke less
    - - looked at adults who had been adopted with at least one biological parent having an addiction. these children then later had a significantly greater risk of developing an addiction compared to adoptess with no addicted parent
  - - - correlation not causation
  - - - apd and alcohol addiction are co morbid. found in 18 people with apd and alc addiction apd developed on average 4 years before addiction
  - - - these peers provide more opportunities for the adolesent to ise alcohol
      - the individual overestimates how much their peers are drinking so they drink more to keep up with the percieved norm
      - at risk adolesents attitudes and norms about drinking are influenced by associating with peers who use alcohol
- - - - behavioural intervention based on classical conditioning. counterconditioning by repleacing the pleasent feeling that comes with a substace with an unpleasent feeling
    - - aversion therapy ethical issues
      - research for covert sensitisation
        
        compared gambling addicts who recieved covert sensitisation with addicts who has=d electric shock aversion therapy and 90% of covert sensitisation gambled less after one year compared with 30% of aversion ppts
  - - - research shows drugs are effective
        
        meta analysis showed all forms of nrt helped smokers quit more than placebo and no therapy. nrt increased tge rate of quitting by up to 60%
      - side effects
        
        side effects may lead to discontinuing therapy
      - less stigmatised
- - - - nicotine stimulates nicotonic receptors in the ventral tegmental area, this causes dopamine to be transported along the mesolymbic and mesocortical pathways to the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex. dopamine is then released in the frontl cortex and this creates rewarding effects
  - - - positive reinforecement
        
        if the consequence of a behaviour is pleasurable, the behaviour is more likely to repeated again. de4sensitisation hypothesis
      - negative reinforcement
        
        a persons continued dependance. if abstaining from a substance is unpleasurable, then not taking the substace will be less likely. negavtive withdrawal syptoms
      - cue reactivity
        
        the pleasurable effect of smokomg is known as a primary reinforcer. this is because it is intrinsically rewarding so an individual is more liekly to smoke again
        
        any other stimuli present become associated with smoking behaviour, these are called secondary reinforcers, an example could be having a coffee with a cigarette.
    - - animal studies
        
        confirms the role of operant conditioning. rats could licl 2 water sprouts. licking one triggered a nicotine dose. the rat then licked this one significantly more often
      - support for cue reactivity
        
        meta analysis, people presented with smoking related cues. dependant smokers reacted with an increased psychological arousal
      - trwatments based on learning theory worl, aversive therapy keeps 52% of people abstaining
- - - - the experience of seeing others being rewarded for their gambling behaviour. for example seeing others win money or gain pleasure
    - - positive reinforcement would be from winning or gaining an adrenaline buzz which would make a person more likely to repeat a behaviour
      - gambling can also be an escape for things like stress, this is negative reinfirecement
    - - when a behaviour is only rewarded some of the time, so there is an unpredictability about when gambles will pay off
    - - a type of partial reinforcement where a behaviour is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time or number of responses
    - - support from outside the lab
        
        found that high frequency gamblers placed their bets in te last 2 mins
      - cannot explain some types of gambling
        
        in hose racing the reward comes a long time after betting so the conditioning should be less effective
      - explains why its hard to stop
        
        begins and is maintained through conditioning which is an automatic process so the brain needs to be counterconditioned
  - - - gamblers continue to gamble because of cognitive biases, such as mistaken beliefs about luck
    - - we all have expectations about the benefits and costs of our future. people who gamble are likely to percieve the benefits higher than the costs
      - they also have unrealistic expectations about how gambling will help with their emotions
    - - people engage in addictive behaviour to cope with stress in their lives
    - - the focus stays on the positive aspect of behaviour and downplays the negative side
    - - the feeling that gamblers have control on something based on luck - wearing lucky socks
    - - when the gambler reflects and states they knew what the outcme would be so they feel like they have mire control
    - - focus on events uch as big wins and forgets about loses
    - - support for the role of cognitive biases
        
        compared 30 addicted gamblers with a control group and the gamblers had more cognitive biases. gamblers were also more impulsive and more likley to prefer immediate rewards
        
        used a questionnare
      - the use of thinking aloud in research
        
        claim that gamblers off the cuff remarks during sessions do not reflect their deeply held beliefs. so researchers may get a misleading impression
- - - - addicted persons perceptions about what key people in their life think about addictions
    - - how much control we believe we have over our behaviour - does the addicted gamber believe they are able to give up
  - - - decides to make a change
    - - people at this stage have done something to change their behaviour in the last 6 months
    - - maintenance: person has maintained for 6 months
    - - termination - absinence is automatic