Anatomy of Larynx and Pharynx
Nasywa Azzahra S. - 2306173731
Structure and borders of the three regions of the pharynx with various anatomical structures present in these area
Structure and topography of cartilage component of the larynx
Structure and topography of cartilage component of trachea
Anatomical structures involved in speech and sound production
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Borders : superiorly--skull base, anteriorly--nasal cavity, posteriorly--posterior pharyngeal wall, inferiorly--soft palate, laterally--the medial pterygoid plates and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles (surrounded by visceral fascia)
Connection : connects nasal cavity to oropharynx
Location : most superior part of the pharynx
Structures : contains eustachian tube openings and adenoids, has a width of about 2 cm in the anterior-posterior direction and a height of around 4 cm
Oral part of the pharynx, spreads from the soft palate to the upper margin of the epiglottis and has four walls (anterior, two lateral and posterior)
Boundaries : anterior wall--defined by pharyngeal aspect of tongue, lateral walls--marked by palatopharyngeal arches and palatine tonsils
Starts at the upper border of the epiglottis and extends down to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, merging with the esophagus
Functions as a passage for both food/water and air, lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Structure of larynx is composed of several cartilages :
Three large unpaired cartilages; cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage fully encircles trachea), thyroid cartilage (largest cartilage of larynx, composed of hyaline cartilage), epiglottis (conical cartilage, serves as cap for larynx)
Three pairs of smaller cartilages; arytenoid cartilages (pyramidal in shape with three surfaces), corniculate cartilages (located on superior aspect of arytenoid cartilages), cuneiform cartilages (small club-shaped, lie superior and anterior to corniculate cartilages)
Trachea is a D-shaped fibrocartilaginous respiratory organ that plays a crucial role in transporting air in and out of the lungs during breathing
Structure of trachea
Anatomy of pharynx and larynx muscles
Pharynx
Larynx
Oral cavity : one of resonating chambers of vocal tract, plays crucial role in shaping the sounds produced
Alveolar ridge : if you use the tip of the tongue to block airflow at the alveolar ridge, you get the sounds [t] and [d], [l] and [n] also [s] and [z] can originate from here
Nasal cavity : one of the resonating chambers of vocal tract, involved in producing nasal sounds ; /m/ and /n/
Velum : acts as gatekeeper to nasal cavity, essential in producing [k] and [g] sounds
Tongue : ne of the most active articulators in the vocal tract and is involved in the production of a wide range of speech sounds
Epiglottiss : functions as an articulator in the production of pharyngeal consonants and in the vowel [a], also helps in whispering
Tongue tip : involved in production of alveolar sounds ; /t/ and /d/, where the tongue tip contacts the alveolar ridge behind the upper front teeth
Vocal folds : when we speak muscles in the larynx bring the vocal cords together
Lips : can be used to produce bilabial sounds, where both lips come together, such as /p/ and /b
Tracheal cartilages
Posterior wall
Mucosa
Submucosa
Musculocartilaginous layer
Trachea is held in position by muscles and ligaments, and it connects to the inferior aspect of the larynx, specifically the cricoid cartilage.
The cricoid cartilage is a hyaline cartilage ring that fully encircles the trachea and serves as the inferior-most boundary of the laryngeal skeleton. It has two parts: the anterior part, also called the arch, and the posterior portion, which is much wider than the anterior and referred to as the lamina
Pharynx or throat is a 12-14 cm, or 5 inch, long tube extending behind the nasal and oral cavities until the voice box (larynx) and the esophagus
The muscles that make up the pharyngeal walls run both circularly on the outside and longitudinally on the inside
The three pharyngeal constrictor muscles make up the outer layer of the wall while the inner layer is comprised of paired muscles. The superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
he three paired muscles of the inner pharynx act as a group in order to elevate the larynx, shorten the pharynx and act during swallowing and speaking. These muscles are known as the stylopharyngeus, the palatopharyngeus and the salpingopharyngeus.
Larynx, or voice box, contains intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that play a crucial role in breathing, phonation, and swallowing
The extrinsic muscles, including the suprahyoid and infrahyoid groups, act to move the larynx superiorly and inferiorly, while the intrinsic muscles act on the individual components of the larynx, controlling the shape of the rima glottidis and the length and tension of the vocal folds
The intrinsic muscles include adductors, abductors, sphincters, muscles that tense the vocal cords, and muscles that relax the vocal cords
