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Cardio Vascular System Human Heart Anatomy, coronary artery disease,…

- - - - antria are seperated by a thin wall called the interatrial septum
    - - the ventricles are separated by a thick , muscular wall called the inter ventricular septum.
- - - - the bicuspid or mitral valve is bt=etween the left atrium and ventricle
- - - - goes to the lungs and ius the beggiing od th pulmonary ciculation
        
        the pulmonary trunk immediatly splits into the right wn left pulmonry arteries to go each of the lungs
  - - - the largest artery of the blood which is the begginging of the systemic circulation
  - - - biggest vains are the superior and inferior vena cava
        
        both of these veins smpty directly into the right atrium
      - pulmonary veins
        
        these imnpirtanr vessels return blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
  - - - 4 heart valves
        
        pulmonary vakve
        
        the swemilunar valu=ve of the heart which regulates blood fow from gh =e right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
        
        mitral valve
        
        atrioventricular valve on the left side of ther heart which has two flaps
        
        aortic valve
        
        tricuspi valve
        
        the atrioventricular valve on the rioght sidewhich has three cusps flaps
      - atrioventricular AV valves
        
        heart valves located at the junction of the atria and the ventricles
        
        thair job is to keep blood flowing
        
        from the atria into the ventricles
      - semilunar valves SL
        
        the valves at the exit out of the ventircles which let blood flow out to the arteries
- - - - using mercery as a standard measurement system.
  - - - a rested healthy adult should have normal values for the systolic pressure below 120
      - normal values for diastolic bp should be less than 80
        
        higher thn normal values that are not brought under control can put strain on the heart and cause long term damange
- - - - Sinus rythm
        
        heart beat which starts with a signal from the SA node
        
        electric imulses start from the SA node during each wave of muscle contraction in the heart
        
        atrioventricular node AV
        
        the SA node sends electrical signals to this node
        
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        atrio atrium
        
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- - - - heartsounds
        
        steth(o) scope (instrument)
        
        heart sounds crated by the turbulent blood flow when the heart valves close
        
        two heart sounds : a lub and a dub
        
        first hear sound is the lub S!
        
        turbulent blood flow when the tricuspid and mitral valves close
        
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        the secoind heart sound is the dub
        
        and st=ometiumes refered to as s2
        
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- - - - not all the contents of the left ventricle is expelled with each beat.
- - - - atherosclerosisi is a slow process that can proogress quietly from mnay years without causing any symptoms
        
        in fact, mnay patents are not aware of coronary artery disease unntil they suffer a heart attach
        
        risks for coronary artery disease are
        
        high blood preassure
        
        high Cholesterol
        
        obesity
        
        diabetes
        
        cigarette smoking
        
        lck of pohysical activity
        
        older than 45 f r men and older than 55 for womna,
        
        family history
- - - - location and suxe od=f the blockage
- - - - Patients with acute STEMI are at risk for deveolping lifethreateing arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation which can cuase sudden cardiac arrest**
  - - - symptoms are same but damge to heart is less .
- - - - a catheter witha small inflatable baloon is used to widen the narrowed coronary artery
    - - A stent or tube is inserted into te narrowed artery section to keep it open
    - - a segmet of another vessel s used to by pass the obstructed section of the coronary artery arteries
- - - - endocarditis
        
        inflamation process that damages the endocardium covering the heart valves
        
        it is cuased by bacteria.
- - - - how do we measure blood pressure
        
        Direct measurment of arterial blood pressure, and invasive technique that requires insertion of a catheter probe into blood vessel which tranm=smits the blood pressure to a sensor unit
        
        indirect measurment of bp usins a non invasive ausculatory method to listen to blood flow uising a stethoscope and a blood pressure cuff
        
        sphygmanometer bp cuff
        
        Korotkoff sounds
        
        the sounds of the first turbulent blood flw hat can be heard with stethoscope
        
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- - - - cardio heart ologist specilaist
  - - - ultra- beyond son(o) sound Graphy progress of recording a picture
  - - - also know as an echo
        
        echo sound
        
        cardio heart
        
        gram picture
  - - - digital subtraction angiography DSA uses computer progams to subtract (or remove) structured such as bones from angiograms to get a better vire of the blood vessels
  - - - it does not require the insertion of a catheter into a blood vessel, so its far less invasive than traditional angiography tests
    - - commonly used tests for myocardial infarction MI include
        
        troponin tests
        
        CK MB tests
        
        swerum myoglobin tests
        
        cardiac medications
        
        Antihypertensives
        
        used to treat bloood pressure
        
        antiarrhythmics
        
        prevent or treat cardiac rhyths irregulatities
        
        diuretics
        
        increaseurine production and secretion in order to lower blood pressure or to treat edema in congestive heart faikure
        
        digitalis compounds
        
        strengthen the heart muscle and prevent arrhyhmias
- - - - a balooon like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel, which occurs when part of an artery wall weakens which causes it to balloon out
        
        may be present at brth
        
        locations
        
        we can fidn them in hte the
        
        aortic anerysm
        
        foundn in the thoracic or abdominal aorta
        
        cerebral aneurysm
        
        found in the arteries of the brain
        
        popliteal aneurysm
        
        occur in the knee and lower leg area
        
        these aneurysms can cuase peripheral vascular artery disease
        
        PAD
        
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- - - - if high too often can cause health issues
  - - - essential hypertension
        
        there are several risk factors for primary hypertension, including:
        
        family history
        
        poor diet
        
        obesity
        
        older age
        
        stress
        
        smoking
      - idiopathic hypertension
        
        in medicine disorders with no known causes are called essential or idiopathic
  - - - if the underlying cause can be removed, then a patient's secondary hypertension will also be cured
  - - - hypertensive retinopathy of the eye
      - hypertensive chronic kidney disea
      - hypertensive heart disease
      - Comor bidity
        
        having a second disease, due to having the first disease
      - malignant hypertension
        
        having a bp 180/120 or highe
        
        it carries high risk for
        
        stroke
        
        heart failure
        
        kidney failure
        
        blindness
      - transient hyper
        
        bp is only elevated tempotarily
        
        white coat syndroe- the nervousness of being in a doctors office causes the patients blood pressure to increase
        
        causess of transiient hypertension include
        
        stress fear, caffinated drinks
        
        climbing stairs
        
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      - orthostatic hypotension
        
        a sudden drop in bp you move quickly from lying down tp standng or change your posture
        
        orthostatic
        
        stanidng or sitting upright
        
        posturla hypertension
- - - - compression stockings can helo
        
        sall to medium size varicose veins can be treated with sclerotherepy which injects a chemical that scars and close them
        
        varicose vein treatment
        
        Endovenous laser treatment
        
        burns and scars the venis to close them permanently
        
        radiofrequency
        
        achives the same result by suign radiofrequency energy
        
        ligation and stripping
        
        larger variicose venis can be removed surgically
  - - - patients may have
        
        varicose veis
        
        itching
        
        hyperpigmentation
        
        chronic swelling of the legs and ankles
        
        develop skin ulcers
- - - - apperance of blue skin
      - caused by lack of oxygen in the blood
- - - - may not produce symptoms and can close on their own
    - - produce a heart mur mur
        
        require surgery
- - - - can close on own
  - - - heart g=faiulure may occure
- - - - obstructs the flow of blood from the atrium into the left ventrical
    - - leaks blood backwards from the left ventricle into the left atrium
  - - - obstruckst outflow into the aorta/aotic arch
    - - leaks blood backwards into the left ventricle
- - - - there are two main tyopes
        
        left heart failure
        
        the left ventricle cannot keep up with the lood returning from the lungs
        
        leads to a back up of blood in the lungs pulmonary arena water in the lungs
        
        right heart failure
        
        right ventricle cannot ceep up woht the blood returning to the body
        
        this leads to a back up of bloood everywhere in the bdy and cuases
        
        swollen feet, legs, blood and liver, splean.
- - - - three layers of the heart
        
        Endocardium
        
        Endocarditit
        
        inflamaion of the endocardium with inflammation of the heart vlaves
        
        endocardii(o)
        
        -itis
        
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        epicardium
        my
        
        myocardium
        
        myocarditis
        
        inflammation of the myocardium
        
        myo
        
        cario
        
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        pericarditis
        
        inflammation of the pericardium (thesac around the heart)
        
        life threatening
        
        pericadial temponade
        
        a build up of too much fluid in the pericardial cavity preventing the heart from being able to work correctly
- - - - mycarditid
        
        inflamation of the heart muscle
        
        valvulitis
        
        inflammation of the heart valves directly
- - - - normal heart he==beat 60-100
        
        arrhymia
        
        deviation from normal heart rythm
        
        a- without
        
        rrhythmia rythm
        
        emergency or harmless
        
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  - - - restore heart rythm and heart rate
        
        resrote the normal rythmm using a shock AED
  - - - or restore if rythm is ff
        
        demand pacemakers
        
        compy=uters that connect tot eh left atrium and or both ventricles
        
        biventrocular pacemaker bi- to
        
        rate responcive progamming, if heart rate is too slow or too fast
        
        cen be programmed rate responce, reacting to aheart rate too slow or too fast
        
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