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Water and Electrolytes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 80%
    - - 20%
      - Generally water and electrolytes enter and leave the body via the plasma
  - - - movement of fluid/electrolytes is governed by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
    - - movement of water across is governed by oncotic pressure
      - concentration of osmotically active solutes usually equal between ICF and ECF = isotonic
- - - - Good indicators of general health
      - the sodium-potassium gradient is necessary for electrical properties of cells to function
        
        Gradient achieved via Na+K+-ATPase pump
    - - Water homeostasis
        
        Water exits via a variety of routs
        
        Skin
        
        Sweat
        
        Lungs
        
        Urine
        
        Faeces
        
        Pathway for water regulation and detection
        
        If you don't drink enough, plasma osmolarity rises
        
        This causes thirst and release of ADH from pituitary gland
        
        This causes water reclamation from urine back to the blood
        
        Water enters the body via the gut
      - Sodium homeostasis
        
        High sodium expands the ECF and low sodium shrinks it
        
        This causes hypertension (when expanding) and hypotension (when shrinking)
        
        Blood pressure changes mediate the RAAS system
        
        It tells the kidneys to reclaim salt from the urine back into plasma
        
        Sodium sources
        
        Diet
        
        Sodium exits
        
        Sweat
        
        Faeces
        
        Urine
        
        Target for the body in controlling salt via retention/wasting
        
        Mediated by the kidney
        
        RAAS system
        
        Renin-angiotensin system
        
        Low ECF volume leads to hypotension
        
        Stimulates kidneys to release renin
        
        Renin acts on angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin 1
        
        Angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme
        
        1 more item...
      - Sodium and water homeostasis regulated by adjusting ECF volume and osmolality
        
        ECF volume adjusted in response to sodium levels
        
        This is done with the RAS system
        
        If the conc. of sodium in ECF is low, this is hypotonicity
        
        This causes cerebral oedemas
        
        This occurs due to movement of fluid into cells
        
        Oedemas are accumulations of excess fluid within the interstitial space
        
        If the conc. of sodium in ECF is high, this is hypertonicity
        
        This causes osmotic demyelination syndrome
        
        This is due to the shrinking of brain cells
        
        ECF osmolality regulated to prevent swelling / shrinking of cells
        
        Done using the ADH system
  - - - K+ intake must match K+ output
      - Dietary K+ absorbed through the gut into the blood which rapidly transfer it to cells
        
        From here it's slowly moved to the kidney and excreted in urine
        
        90-95% of ingested potassium goes out in the urine
        
        5-10% goes out in the stool or sweat
        
        Cells of the kidney tubules secrete K+ into urine or blood depending on if excess or deficit
        
        This process is directly regulated by plasma K+ concentration and aldosterone's response to it
      - Insulin is used to treat high potassium levels
- - - - Acute renal failure/chronic renal failure
    - - Cell lysis
      - Exercise
      - Metabolic acidosis
      - Increased plasma osmolality
    - - E.g., aldosterone deficiency
    - - Unlikely unless there are other factors at play
- - - - Anorexia
      - Alcoholism
    - - Alkalosis
      - Increase in hormones which push potassium into cells
      - Increased urinary excretion
    - - Diarrhoea
    - - Hyperaldosteronism
      - Diuretics
- - - - Liver failure
      - Cardiac arrest
      - Nephrotic syndrome