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C3 (Atomic structure, Atomic bonding, Elements compounds and mixtures,…

- - - - Number of protons = atomic number
      - All atoms and ions of same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus
      - Number of protons of an unknown
      - to find proton number of an unknown element
        
        Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
        
        Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons
    - - If atom is neutron, the number of electrons = number of protons
    - - Use mass and atomic number
      - Number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons
- - - - Both atoms obtain full outer shell and become ions
        
        Cations and anions are attracted by strong electrostatic force -> ionic bonds
  - - - Solid line (covalent bonds)
      - Extremely strong bonds
    - - Dashed line
      - Weaker bonds
  - - - through intramolecular bonds / coovalent bonds
    - - Diamond and graphite are examples of macromolecules of carbon
  - - - cations arranged in lattice structure
    - - Called "sea of electrons"
      - Held together by force of attraction between electrons & cations
- - - - electrons fill shell closest to nucleus
        
        First shell holds 2
        
        Second shell holds 8
        
        Third shell holds 8
        
        For the first 20 elements, once third shell has 8 electrons, fourth shell begins to fill
        
        Valence shell
        
        Outermost shel of an atom, mote stable if can manage to completely fill with electrons
        
        In some atoms the outermost shell is not full
        
        These atoms react with other atoms in order to achieve a full outer shell To make them balanced
        
        Atoms of group VIII elements (noble gases) all have full outer shell of electrons
        
        Unreactive as they have full outer shells and are very stable
- - - - Difference in mass affects physical properties such as density, bp and mp
- - - - Making mixture from 2 or more substances dissolving a solute in solvent
        
        No new substances are produced and usually relatively easy to separate
  - - - Colour change
      - Precipitate being formed
      - Bubbles of gas produced