Registers- Registers are small amounts of high speed memory contained within the CPU. They are used by the processor to store small amounts of data that are needed during processing.

Optical, Optical storage uses disks to store information, small grooves on the surface of the disk reflect light which is then processed as information. Optical storage is cheap but holds little information. It also can be easily broken.

Magnetic- Magnetic storage uses a mechanical arm to read information on spinning disks, optical storage is long lasting, cheap, and holds a lot of information but it is quite slow.

Embedded systems- Embedded systems are systems that are hardwired to perform one task, they are cheap to implement but they are hard to fix or upgrade. They are found in things like Microwaves, refrigerators, or alarms

Lawfulness, fairness and transparency-
-There must valid reasons for collecting and using personal data.
-Nothing must be done with the data in breach of any other laws
-Personal data can only used in a way that is fair. This means data must not be processed in a way that is damaging, unexpected, or misleading.
-The personal or organisation collecting the data must be open ands honest with people from the start about how they will use their personal data.
🐷

Purpose limitation
-The purpose for processing the data must be clear from the start
-The purpose must be documented and specified in privacy information that is communicated to individuals
-Data must not be used for a new purpose unless this is compatible with the original purpose if it is not then additional consent must be obtained unless there is a clear obligation or function set out in law. 🉐

Storage Limitations-
-Data must not be kept for longer then necessary
-how long data is kept for must be justified and specified in a policy statement
-There must be a periodic review of the data held, and data no longer required should be erased or anonymised. ❤❤❤

Software licenses- Software lto the icenses were devolped in 1970 when oped ration sytems were first commericalised. This had led to linux vs windows debate

Images are broken down into a number of tiny pixels, which represent one colour each. Each colour is stored as its own binary number. The colour depth of an image represents how many colours it contains, while the resolution determines the resolution of each pixel. Metadata is information about the image - it includes height, width and resolution.

Data in computers is stored and transmitted as a series of ones and zeroes, also known as binary digits.

The amplitude of sound waves are sampled at regular intervals using an analogue-digital converter, then stored as binary. However, this reduces the sound quality. The higher the sample rate, the closer the intervals will be, and therefore the sound quality will be better.

The FDE cycle is the basic operation of a computer, constantly repeated from boot-up to shutting down. First the CPU fetches an instruction from the main memory, and stores it in the registers. Afterwards, the CPU must understand the instruction to follow it - also known as decoding. Finally, the CPU can now perform the action, or execute it.

The Von Neumann architecture consists of a single shared memory, one bus for memory access, input/output interfaces, an arithmetic unit, and a program control unit. Due to only having one bus, fetching instructions and data operations cannot happen simultaneously.

When the CPU fetches an instruction from the RAM, that instruction is temporarily stored in the Memory Data Register (MDR).
Each instruction in the RAM has a specific location, with its own unique address. Said address is temporarily stored in the Memory Address Register (MAR).

The program counter contains the address of the next instruction, and the accumulator stores temporary data while the ALU is performing calculations.

A CPU is made up of 3 main components: the Control Unit, Immediate Access Store and Arithmetic Logic Unit. The CU controls and monitors communications between the hardware, and makes sure signals are delivered successfully. The IAS (a.k.a. registers) is the store of the data and programs that the CPU is using. The ALU is where the CPU performs calculations - each task that the CPU performs is completed here.

Clock speed - faster clock means the CPU can process instructions faster
Number of cores - more cores means more instructions can be processed simultaneously
Cache size - less time spent accessing the memory
RAM size - less time using virtual memory, which is slower

✅ Very lightweight and portable
❌ Some data can be lost when scratched
❌ Easy to snap, losing all data and making the disc useless
❌ Expensive for higher amounts of storage

✅ Compact and more portable than a HDD
✅ No moving parts, making it durable
✅ Fast data transfer
✅ Low power consumption
❌ Much more expensive than a HDD for the same capacity
❌ Vulnerable to power loss and EM fields

✅ Relatively cheap for the amount of storage that you get
✅ Fast access and retrieval
❌ Easily damaged, due to moving parts
❌ Slows down and breaks over time
❌ Slower access than SSDs

CPU- The CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions.

There ae several factors that can increase computer performance such as processor or cache size. Cache size works as a faster memory but it it is small and expensive. The processor can have higher Hertz or more cores, which will increase Processing power.

Embedded systems are systems that are designed to do one task, they are hard to update and change but are cheap to produce.

Cloud saving is accessible from anywhere with an internet connection, it is done by sending desired files to an external server connected to the internet.

A bubble sort compares each individual item in a set of data and sorts them.

Defensive deign is ensuring a program runs safely irregardless what input user tries.

Askii is a 7-bit system for displaying English characters

The first million digits of pi (π) are below. Why not calculate the circumference of a circle using pi here. Or simply learn about pi here. Maximize the fun you can have this Pi Day by checking out our Pi Day Merch.

3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067982148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450284102701938521105559644622948954930381964428810975665933446128475648233786783165271201909145648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588174881520920962829254091715364367892590360011330530548820466521384146951941511609433057270365759591953092186117381932611793105118548074462379962749567351885752724891227938183011949129833673362440656643086021394946395224737190702179860943702770539217176293176752384674818467669405132000568127145263560827785771342757789609173637178721468440901224953430146549585371050792279689258923542019956112129021960864034418159813629774771309960518707211349999998372978049951059731732816096318595024459455346908302642522308253344685035261931188171010003137838752886587533208381420617177669147303598253490428755468731159562863882353787593751957781857780532171226806613001927876611195909216420198938095257201065485863278865936153381827968230301952035301852968995773622599413891249721775283479131515574857242454150695950829533116861727855889075098381754637464939319255060400927701671139009848824012858361603563707660104710181942955596198946767837449448255379774726847104047534646208046684259069491293313677028989152104752162056966024058038150193511253382430035587640247496473263914199272604269922796782354781636009341721641219924586315030286182974555706749838505494588586926995690927210797509302955321165344987202755960236480665499119881834797753566369807426542527862551818417574672890977772793800081647060016145249192173217214772350141441973568548161361157352552133475741849468438523323907394143334547762416862518983569485562099219222184272550254256887671790494601653466804988627232791786085784383827967976681454100953883786360950680064225125205117392984896084128488626945604241965285022210661186306744278622039194945047123713786960956364371917287467764657573962413890865832645995813390478027590099465764078951269468398352595709825822620522489407726719478268482601476990902640136394437455305068203496252451749399651431429809190659250937221696461515709858387410597885959772975498930161753928468138268683868942774155991855925245953959431049972524680845987273644695848653836736222626099124608051243884390451244136549762780797715691435997700129616089441694868555848406353422072225828488648158456028506016842739452267467678895252138522549954666727823986456596116354886230577456498035593634568174324112515076069479451096596094025228879710893145669136867228748940560101503308617928680920874760917824938589009714909675985261365549781893129784821682998948722658804857564014270477555132379641451523746234364542858444795265867821051141354735739523113427166102135969536231442952484937187110145765403590279934403742007310578539062198387447808478489683321445713868751943506430218453191048481005370614680674919278191197939952061419663428754440643745123718192179998391015919561814675142691239748940907186494231961567945208095146550225231603881930142093762137855956638937787083039069792077346722182562599661501421503068038447734549202605414665925201497442850732518666002132434088190710486331734649651453905796268561005508106658796998163574736384052571459102897064140110971206280439039759515677157700420337869936007230558763176359421873125147120532928191826186125867321579198414848829164470609575270695722091756711672291098169091528017350671274858322287183520935396572512108357915136988209144421006751033467110314126711136990865851639831501970165151168517143765761835155650884909989859982387345528331635507647918535893226185489632132933089857064204675259070915481416549859461637180270981994309924488957571282890592323326097299712084433573265489382391193259746366730583604142813883032038249037589852437441702913276561809377344403070746921120191302033038019762110110044929321516084244485963766983895228684783123552658213144957685726243344189303968642624341077322697802807318915441101044682325271620105265227211166039666557309254711055785376346682065310989652691862056476931257058635662018558100729360659876486117910453348850346113657686753249441668039626579787718556084552965412665408530614344431858676975145661406800700237877659134401712749470420562230538994561314071127000407854733269939081454664645880797270826683063432858785698305235808933065757406795457163775254202114955761581400250126228594130216471550979259230990796547376125517656751357517829666454779174501129961489030463994713296210734043751895735961458901938971311179042978285647503203198691514028708085990480109412147221317947647772622414254854540332157185306142288137585043063321751829798662237172159160771669254748738986654949450114654062843366393790039769265672146385306736096571209180763832716641627488880078692560290228472104031721186082041900042296617119637792133757511495950156604963186294726547364252308177036751590673502350728354056704038674351362222477158915049530984448933309634087807693259939780541934144737744184263129860809988868741326047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