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human geography blok 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - segregation
        Segregation refers to the enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or social groups, leading to spatial, social, or economic isolation.
      - this is both a neighborhood process as a national process. there is a growing trend in the earge to get the rich together in the neighborhoods and the poor people out. tis is inerconnected with the idea of back to the central city
      - dissmilitari index (ID)
        unevennes of distribution of specific groups in space
      - Exposire index (P*):
        potential contact with ‘others
    - - gentrification
        urban renewal, often displacing low-income residents as affluent individuals invest in and transform neighbourhoods, raising property values.
      - global cities
        A global city is a major urban center with significant economic, cultural, and political influence on a global scale. Examples include New York, London, and Tokyo.
      - gated community's
        neighborhoods that are closed off for people that dont live there. often you find these in places with high crime rates and big differences in income within the city
    - - • Urban segregation as a societal problem
      - • Consequences of residential segregation
        
        scale of society
        
        growing social differences
        
        lack of tolarance towards others
        
        hyper focus on certain neigborhoods (ghettofication)
        
        scale of the city
        
        fragmintation of space (gated communitys)
        
        reduced acces in freedom of movement for margionalized groups
        
        scale of individuals
        
        place as a resource: area affects
        
        emperial significane of place
      - • Measuring residential segregation: Espotion index (P*): potential contact with 'others'
      - • Multiple segregation in Amsterdam
        
        not all forms of segregation are problematic. relationships between communitys van be stronger and they can feel more connection with the rest of the people in their community.
        
        amsterdam does nog have a lot of segrigation compared to the other citys of the same size
      - Examining urban segregation in Amsterdam, its consequences, and measuring methods. Focus on multiple factors influencing residential patterns.
  - - - Certeau's theory and production of urban space:
        informal housing in a highly regulated housing market
        
        strategieen
        planned city
        beurocrates
        top down
        
        tackticks
        lived city
        everyday life
        bottum up
      - there is tention between planned and lived citys (olifanten paadjes)
      - sensory spaces, not only reading
      - we need to understand the urban landscape to include vision, not only limeded by this, there are also other senses at play.
      - embadied experience of materiality
        boundries and gateways
        'human' scale, low rise builidings
    - - De Certeau's theory posits that urban space is produced through daily practices, challenging planned designs. It explores the tension between planned and lived cities, illustrated in cases like Betondorp.
    - - De Certeau's theory and the production of (urban) space (Law 2014)
      - The role of the neighborhood in everyday life
      - Tensions between the planned and the lived city
      - Illustrated through a case study in Betondorp
  - - - mega city
        
        population over 10 mil
    - - URBANIZATION in the global north
        
        19th and 20th century
        
        chicago
        
        citys are overflowing, dirty, its a living ogranizm
      - urbanisation outside the global north
        
        20th and 21st century
        
        istanbul and Ankara
        
        there is a difference in globalisation and urbanisation in the different ways the western countrys did two chenturys ago and how it is working now in the other countrys of the world
        
        it matters from where we theorize in the bigger picture
        
        there are a lot of perspectives that we dont count in this whole process
- - - - rurality is a social construct:
        Delineates perceptions of rural areas, shaping identities, values, and relationships within these communities.
      - the imaginary geography of the rural areas is a lot more primitive then the reality.
      - the cuntyside is being commodified: shopping center, themeparks and tourist attractions. but also a nostalgia to better, simperler times
      - with more and more people living in the citys there is a growing trend of othering of the people that live there
      - the rural areas feel left out of the interest of the citys
    - - new wave of populism (electoral geography: stemgedrag, election results ect. linked to where people live)
      - the geography of discontent
        
        discontent can form in different ways but beople dont always turn to populism when that happens
        
        it defends vonarble groups with a distance to society
        
        shows the segregation of ideas of people, people feel left out and start following people who give them a voice
        
        people feel left behind
      - hoe kunnen we de nederlandse geografie can ontevredenheid begrijpen?
        
        NL is unlikely to be radicalised but it is still happening.
        
        pillarisation
        
        urban- rural and centre- periphery divide
        
        randstad with all the big citys are all in the area of eachother
        
        in the 70s expansion of the wellfare state: people got used to a certain amount of stability of the government
        
        the 80s: pick the winners dont back the losers
        
        international competition between the global citys
        
        legacy: uneven development in the different regions
        
        yet, NL is not the extreme compared to EU
        
        geocoding converts addresses to coordinates for mapping and spatial analysis, aiding researchers in understanding spatial patterns and relationships in human geography.
        
        most of the ministers come from the randstad
    - - Populism: Political approach claiming to represent ordinary people, often against established elites and institutions. this is cyclical since the llWW
      - about thie populism in the US
        "We weten uit decennia en decennia van onderzoek dat één ding altijd opvalt, en dat kiezers van extreemrechts niet alleen een sterk negatieve houding hebben tegenover immigratie en immigranten, maar dat ook deze kwestie heel belangrijk voor hen is." (2023)
  - - - nationalism An ideology based on a sense of connection to one nation, with the political aim of shaping the own state.
        
        civic nationalism: citicinship
        
        ethnic nationalism: culture, sense of beloning
      - people preform nationalism trough traditional clothing, food and feests
      - nationalism is becoming more and more important in a world that is globalizing as a movement back to the roots od civilasations
    - - there is a contest between citizenship and governance
        
        this is a conflict of if people feel like they are part of the goverment they live in (do you feel amsterdams, dutch or european?)
        
        spaces of citizinship is changeing beouse the workmarket is slowly globalizing too, where do you get taxed? ect.
        
        The concept of governance refers to new ways of governing society involving a range of participants drawn from the public, private and voluntary sectors
        
        Citizinship Legal status conferring rights and responsibilities, typically tied to nationality within a sovereign state.
    - - What is a nation?
      - • State (building)
      - o The United Kingdom of the Netherlands
      - • Nationalism
      - • Regionalist parties
    - - nation: a group of people that share a culture (language, religion, history or politic identity)
      - state: "A political unit with identifiable control (claiming ultimate power) over a specific territory." States historically derive power from territory and residents.
      - territory: claimed space
      - Nation-state: a form of political organization that (a) includes institutions governing people in a specific territory (the state), and (b) claims loyalty and legitimacy from the governed and other states, based on being a group defined culturally and as a nation
    - - Revolutionary wave in Europe (late 19th century - end of World War I)
      - • Great Pacification (1917/1919)
      - • Universal suffrage (1917/1919 for women)
      - • Proportional democracy (no district system)
      - • Pillarization (consociational democracy) (Lijphart, 1969)
  - - - exclusion is a key concept for geographers
        
        both social as spatial, people van slip out of being excepted to being unwelcome visitos from within.
        
        simontaiousliy material and symbolic, closely related to the concept of stigma (severe social disproval of an idividual or group)
        
        it is an active process, everybody in the group is participating in the exlution of the individual or group that is being stigmatized.
        
        there is a inevitable interwinement with the concept inclusion
        
        proceses of exclusion happens on multiple axes. (class, race and edniticity, sexuality, age ect)
        
        usually the people on the margines of society
        
        the proces of exclusion will never be absolute and will always be restricted
        
        the marginalised groups often get viewed in language as 'dirty' and live near the edges of society.
      - Sibeley (1995): there is a sense of self and a sense of other in modern western society
        
        to avoid contamination between the self and the other there are set boundrys (often physical)
        
        spatial boundrys play an important role in maintaining these boundary's.
      - defensive architecture is a way to exclude homeless people from the public space and pushes them out of the city centeres
        
        pleces that are designed for specificly the homeless have a foccus for them to use a toilet, shower and make themselves able to present themselves in society.
    - - sense of beloning: whaat is supposed to be in this place? (othering)
        
        introverded and regressive VS extroverted and progressive
        
        material VS affective
        
        static and fixed VS mobile and unbound
        
        place is constructed trough networks and relationships that link places to each other and follows these dichomies:
        
        abstract of conclution article: The politics of place involve struggles over how lives are lived, connected globally. Local politics are tied to wider struggles. Places hold values, shaped by larger economic, cultural, and political practices. David Harvey's rule that space command implies place control is amended; those in control always contend with the contested politics of place.
    - - Politics
        
        formal
        
        geopolitics
        
        citixzinship and social movements
        
        claiming space: terrtorriality
        
        gated communitys
        
        'informal terretorys" places that are ruled by gans, that the state or police dont have anything to say
        
        colonication everyday use of space: claiming of the public space as a resident by puting a bensh infrot of the house
        
        temporary colonization as a form a as protest: rosa parks
      - politics
        
        informal, everyday life
        
        struggles betwen groups
        
        linkages to Politics too
- - - - "sustainability is best thought of as a spectrum of options"
      - Sustainability, utilized by policymakers and businesses, faces confusion. Forestry seeks optimal resource use. Diverse history yields policies; balance prioritized for longevity.
      - institutions give the chanses for profit now, instead of thinking of the future
      - sustainability is intergrated in the very existence of the human population: economy, envoirnement, society
    - - climate change
        Human-induced alterations in Earth's climate, causing global warming, extreme events, and environmental impacts, necessitating mitigation and adaptation efforts.
      - it is sketched as a global issue but it is different for different geographys. some places pollute more then others and some companys that are based in one country will pollute in an other one where the laws are less strikt.
      - citys are a grate contributor too climate change and also the most vonurble. hence that we can clall climate change an urban problem as well as a global one.
    - - needs of future generations in mind
      - the needs of developing nations
      - the IPAT Exuation
        Impact = Population X consumption/per person X impact / per unit of consumption
    - - there is a correlation of the income and the emissions of the world: thy go together in the graph.
      - but the green transission is not making it better, we will just start mineing different things (other minerals than now which are still not "green") (example: lithium)
    - - there is allways stiff that is lost when recyling, we shoul not use it in the forst place
      - jevonx paradox
  - - - important concepts
        
        social construction of sustainability: it is a social thing if ou are aware of the problems in the world.
        
        Environmentalism advocates protecting nature, promoting sustainability, and addressing human impact on the environment for ecological well-being. (example: green peace)
        
        waste hirachy
    - - important concepts
        
        Cultural ethnocide: Systematic destruction of cultural practices, erasing unique traditions.
        
        Neo-liberalism: Advocates free-market capitalism, minimizing government intervention.
        
        Pauperization: Process leading to impoverishment and increased poverty levels within a population.
        
        people want to do it differently: they protest
- - - - scrutinizes the European Union's practice of blacklisting nations, exploring its geopolitical implications and the construction of exclusionary borders.
      - keypints arcticle
        
        Geopolitical Examination: Van Houtum scrutinizes the EU's blacklisting practice, delving into its geopolitical implications.
        
        Exclusionary Borders: The article explores how blacklisting contributes to the construction of exclusionary borders.
        
        Critical Analysis: The author provides a critical analysis of the EU's approach to blacklisting nations and its broader implications.
    - - concept of diaspora
        Diaspora refers to the dispersion of a community from its original homeland, maintaining a distinct identity and connection across various locations, often shaped by migration or exile.
      - communitys find different places in the world to live (chinatown)
      - diaspora spaces religious buildings
    - - Background- figures, types, patterns, and trends
      - Migration-development nexus
      - M&D beyond the usual suspects: translocal development, beyond the migrants, their families,
      - and places of origin
- - - - collective memory
        Shared recollection of events shaping a group's identity, influencing beliefs, and preserving cultural heritage over time.
        
        harratage sites
        
        museums
        
        monuments
      - relics Remnants of the past shaping landscapes.
      - affects: Emotional responses influencing human experiences.
      - traces Visible marks revealing historical processes in spaces.
  - - - a social construct:
        
        people want to categorise the world
        
        we cant stop that proces from happening
      - identity markers:
        
        sex
        
        class
        
        age
        
        race
        
        religion
        nationality
      - othering: we are together are one identity, they are others
      - we are not unique snowflakes, people group together and take over different aspects of other peoples identiys
    - - Relational approach to identity, we express ourselves trough materials and habits to show the world what is important to us
      - • In reflexive modernity, identity is a continuous reflexive project.
      - • Cultural capital (consumption practices) in identity.
      - • Stigma can (re)produce inequalities.