Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

EXAM 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - bile salts = more efficient; emulsify large fat to smaller fat
      - Segmentation: smooth muscle rings contract and relation, mix digested material
      - Lipases: fat digestion
  - - - Removes alcohol and ammonia
      - inactivates hormones
      - Hepatic portal system: divert blood from small intestine to liver
      - takes up bilirubin: pigment formed by aging or dmg red cells
      - Processes incoming nutrients into substance required by body
  - - - Diverticulitis: inflammation of diverticula
      - Irritable bowel syndrome: intestine disorder, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation
      - constipation (food residue remain, feces dry and hard, lack of fiber
      - Colorectal cancer
      - Crohn's disease: dmg to intestinal lining
    - - Celiac Disease: gluten intolerance, triggers autoimmune response
      - Cystic fibrosis: deficiency of normal pancreatic enzymes
      - Lactose intolerance: deficiency of lactase
    - - Peptic ulcer: open sore in stomach lining or small intestine
      - Food poisoning: bacteria such as salmonella
      - Diarrhea: watery feces, intestinal infection or rotavirus
- - - - 31 pairs of spinal nerves
      - signal to and from spinal cord
      - 12 pairs of cranial nerves
      - Somatic and autonomic subdivisions
    - - afferent nerve bring signals in
      - efferent nerves carry motor messages away
  - - - signals of movements: head, trunk, limbs
    - - signals of internal organs
      - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
      - excited and inhibited signals to internal organs
  - - - Ach: skeletal muscle contraction (mood & memory)
      - Epinephrine & norephine: heart rate (fight/flight)
      - Dopamine: reduce excitement effects (reward)
      - Serotonin: elevates mood; mem & learning
      - GABA: release of other neurotrans
  - - - Reflex is spinal cord not brain; simple nerve pathway;
      - reflex arc: signal travel along pathway
      - Nerves are long distance lines;
      - Neurons interact in circuit
  - - - Relay information from sensory organs to forebrain
    - - Cerebrum: processes information
    - - Medulla oblongata: breathing rhythm and heartbeat strength
      - Cerebellum: coordinates voluntary movements
    - - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fills spaces in brain and spinal; protect
      - Protected by three meninges: membranes of connective tissue
      - Brain blood barrier: help control which bloodborne substances enter CSF; water and lipid soluable enter freely; transport proteins to regulate other molecules movement
    - - 3 main parts: motor, sensory, association
      - limbic system: governs emotions
      - Cerebral cortex: enables conscious thought & language; interacts with brain for emotional responses and memories
    - - Sleep: slow-wave; REM sleep- dreaming
      - spectrum of brain stages: alert-sleep-coma; reticular formation
    - - short-term ; long- term; facts processed separately from skills
      - delcarative memory & skill memory
      - store and retrieve information
      - Amnesia: loss of fact memory
  - - - Encephalitis: virus causes brain inflammation
      - Meningitis: fatal bacteria or viral infection
      - Glial cancers: uncontrollable growth of gliomas
      - Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune destroys neurons
    - - Migraine: up to 3d
      - Tension & Cluster: eye pain
      - Muscle tension in head, neck, face
    - - Mood: bipolar, depression; not enough serotonin
      - Autism: development disorder
      - ADHD: concentration
      - Schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations
    - - fMRI: blood flow
      - Brain bank: normal & abnormal brains
      - EEG & PET: states of consciousness
      - Caffeine & nicotine: stimulant
      - Alcohol: depressant