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The soul, mind and body, Key terms - Coggle Diagram
The soul, mind and body
PLATO
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This exists metaphysically, not physically
Metaphysics is the study of what lies beyond the ‘material’ realm we live in now and know through our senses
As we have knowledge of the world of forms, the soul must exist as this is the source of knowledge
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STRENGTHS
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WEAKNESSES
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Peter Geach, is it plausible to have existence in the world of forms without a body?
- Is it real human existence, because what makes us real are our bodies?
ARISTOTLE
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He didn’t consider the soul to be a separate, immortal occupant of the body
Rower and boat analogy, a rower needs a boat to row, the soul ceases to exist at the death of the body
Refers to the soul as ‘de anima’ as it’s the animating force of our body, the heart is its source, so it dies with us (our bodies)
The soul explains movement, as the body cannot move itself this must've originated elsewhere
ANALOGY
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Aristotle: beauty is a property of beautiful things, without beautiful there'd be no beauty
Soul represents our personalities, doesnt exist within addition to the body
HIERARCHY OF THE SOULS
Everything has a soul, but there are categories
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things plants, animals and humans can do
Plants = vegetative, they have base instincts to eat/drink/survive
Animals = vegetative and appetite, includes movement and desires e.g. killing instincts
Humans = vegetative, appetite and rational ability (reason to think and not act on impulse)
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DESCARTES
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If we experience doubt, we are thinking so, existence of the mind cannot be questioned
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KANT
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As this cannot be given in this life, afterlife only
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RYLE
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Pointed out the absurdity of something immaterial (not made of matter) living with something material (body)
Used the example of someone looking for the whereabouts of team spirit during a cricket match to highlight the incoherence
HICK
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Death destroys us, God recreates us and so the replica is complete with e.g. memories
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CATEGORISING HICK
Doesn’t believe the mind and body can be separated if one ends, so does the other = monist
BUT he also speaks of the interaction of the mind and body as if they're different things = property dualism
HOWEVER, he does believe in an afterlife
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REPLICA THEORY
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Has the exact details of Smith including emotions, memory
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Even with Smiths body in the mortuary we woiuld be forced to conclude that the replica in India is John Smith
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Hick then says that when John Smith dies, his replica is created on another world altogether
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PROBLEMS
There must be a break in continuity between the original John Smith’s body and the new body, so its hard to say it’s the same person
Its plausible to say many replicas could be made, which of these is ‘me’?
Believed out identity is our memories, what about an Alzheimer’s sufferer, are they still the same person?
NIETZSCHE
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Rejects the scientific urge to reduce all things to their most basic, constituent parts
Says we should reject the Christian idea of a soul as being indestructible, eternal and indivisible
We should hold onto a ‘soul hypothesis’ - a new understanding of the soul’s social structure and psychological power
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DAWKINS
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As a materialist, he argues that all things are made of matter as the soul is immaterial so cannot exist
As a humanist, he argues we should live life to the fullest and accept that after death the only immortality we can experience is our genetic legacy
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Key terms
Dualism
Substance dualism
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the body is physical, material
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Materialism
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body has empirical, physical evidence
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