7.2
DNA storage
DNA has double the capacity of binary as it has 4 different states (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
1g of DNA can store 215PB of data (equivalent to 8 data centres)
very stable - a DNA sample has been recovered that was 2m years old
energy efficient - DNA in an encapsulated, tightly sealed shell should preserve DNA for hundreds of thousands of years at room temp
quantum
rapidly developing area based on 3 principles
entanglement
inteference
superposition
research into the area is carried out by
Cambridge Uni
IBM
Microsoft
MIT
Oxford Uni
theory
a quantum computer performs operations + calculations based on the probability of an object's state, before it is measured/observed (the qubit)
the qubits can be on/off/both on and off at the same time (superposition)
pairs of qubits can be entangled - meaning the state of one is not able to be changed without affecting the state of the other
applications
analysis of big data
AI
cyber security
maths/science based problem solving
medical drug development
quantum internet
could enable quantum computers, and other quantum devices, to be interconnected and communicate through the teleportation of qubits
will consist of a network of many remote quantum computers where the qubits will be sent between
most probable use is in cyber security
quantum cryptography
qubits can degrade/get lost when using traditional transmission method such as fibre optic cables - meaning quantum signals between quantum computers have a high error rate and cannot travel long distances
by moving the process of creating encryption keys to quantum technology, the probability of the keys being deciphered can be decreased
QKD - quantum key distribution
IoT
system of interrelated, internet-connected objects which collect and transfer data wirelessly without human intervention
four pillars
people
processes
data
things
people
how people connect to the internet has changed dramatically
they now use wearable technologies and smart devices which have changed how to obtain + collect info
process
the objects within the IoT are the 'things'
the things are embedded within software, sensors, and other technologies which enables them to connect and exchange data with other devices + systems over the internet
IoT sensors are used to monitor the operating conditions of equipment + machinery, and the data captured is processed + analysed by advanced machine learning algorithms (helps predict failures of equipment - keeping reduction in productivity, costs, and downtime to a minimum)
data
can be maximised into more useful info for decision making
one of the main functions of the IoT is to gather huge amounts of data to improver operations + functionality
things
the physical devices and objects connected to the internet + each other
AI
the development of computer systems to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence
purpose = to learn + solve problems without human intervention
2 types
weak
strong
aka narrow AI
AI only focuses on 1 task
programmed by a person so simulate actions of one
can carry out a range of functions + enventually learn to solve a new problem itself
machine learning
application of AI here computer systems automatically learn + improve with experience without being programmed
deep learning
function of Ai that imitates how the brain works with respect to processing data + creating patterns in order to make decisions
used effectively in the manufacturing sector
quickly analyses data + identifies patterns, so can identify anomalies quickly
more specific version of machine learning
uses neural networks to facilitate non-linear thinking
challenges
jobs will be lost to machines, but also new ones created by them that require the unique abilities of people
will have economic, legal, + regulatory impact on society - e.g. self driving cars
issue of privacy being compromised due to the increased volume of data collection
non linear thinking - the ability to make connections + draw conclusions from unrelated concepts/ideas
positive impacts
can improve the efficiency of the workplace + the work people do dramatically
can take over repetitive + dangerous tasks which allows the human workforce to take on work that involves creativity + empathy
helps improve monitoring of patients in healthcare - helping reduce operating costs + save the money that could be used to hire more staff
personal treatment and drug plans can be made for patients
gets rid of 'human error' during processing in businesses - improving quantity and quality of goods
extended reality
forms
AR
VR
MR
augmented reality
allows an object/concept to be brought to life that otherwise would have had to be imagined
can be used to guide someone through a task, navigate a new environment, or provide a real time description of what is happening around them
computer generated simulation of a 3D image/environment
can be interacted with in a very real/physical way
has been implemented into the military for training
totally immersive - visual + sound based experience
reduces costs + risks of training
mixed reality
blends the real-world environment + digitally created content which co-exist + interact with each other in real time
not fully immersive as it includes a link to the real world
content seen through MR will react in the same way it would irl
used in the car industry to prototype cars
blockchain
chain of blocks that stores data + info
extremely hard to change/remove data once recorded in a blockchain
enable a permanent record + history of transactions
permanence of the record is based on the permanence of the network
are a software protocol - need the internet to function
referred to as meta-technology as they are made up of several technologies (incl database, software app, + internet-connected devices
transaction - when something is added to a blockchain
initial block is called the Genesis block
each block contains
data/info
hash
hash of prev block
a hash is unique to the block it is assigned to + identifies the block + the data it holds - when the contents of the block changes, the hash changes
so secure as each block contains the hash of the prev block
types
public
large, distributed networks that operate using a native token
anyone can participate at any level
has open source code that the community maintains
eg bitcoin, but the blockchain is the technology that facilitates it, it is not the actual thing
permissioned
control the roles people have when managing/accessing the blockchain network
large, distributed system that uses a native token
it facilitates cryptocurrency
e.g. ripple
private
smaller than public + permissioned blockchains
does not normally need a token for access
people who can access it are controlled + limited
tend to be used by consortiums who have very trusted members who trade confidential info
3D printing
the process of making a 3 dimensional object froma digital file using an additive process
advantages
cost
limited waste
quality + consistency
the object is made from a digital file using CAD, so once the prototype has been created + amended then the printer will create the same quality + design everytime
only uses 1 machine (the printer) and so only 1 machine has to be bought
cost advantage as there is less waste and so the amount of materials needed are reduced
the printer will only use the exact amount of material needed
disadvantages
manufacturing job losses
using a printer means that less people are needed to operate machinery
job losses are inevitable
high initial cost
the printers + materials used are expensive
can lead to businesses charging a higher price for the object
5G
designed to provide faster download speeds, low latency, + greater capacity
5G cells expand mobile networks by boosting capacity as users need it (eg in a stadium/at a festival
also enables billions of devices to be connected, IoT, + AI
8 specification requirements
up to 10Gbs data speed
1ms latency
up to 1000x the bandwidth per area compared to 4G
up to 100x the number of devices connected per area compared to 4G
99.999% availability
100% coverage
90% reduction in network energy useage
up to 10 year battery life for low power IoT devices
Drones
aircraft without a pilot
aka UAV (unmanned areail vehicle)
RPA - remotely piloted aircraft (drone flown via remote control)
can be autopilot enabled for some of/all of the flying time
originally developed for military use
can provide 24/7 surveillance
air time of 17 hours
live video feedback
uses
archaeology
disaster relief
emergency services investigations
film + tv
infrastructure inspections
farming
military
to fly a drone in the Uk, the CAA require users to register + take a test which must be passed before the user can legally fly