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7.2 Areas of Emerging Technology - Coggle Diagram
7.2 Areas of Emerging Technology
Quantum
Facts
Microwaves can be used to communicate with it
It is limited to the speed of light (ATM)
They have a temperature of 0.015 Kelvin (-273.15 degrees)
The Basics
Quantum computer works based on probability of the state.
Quantum state, before measured or observed. Which is a qubit
They view qubits as being on/off or in both. Known as superposition
Standard computer works in a binary state 0 and 1 - On / Off
If a coin is being flipped while it is n the air it is in superposition - so no one knows whether it'll land heads or tails until it lands in its physical state
Entangled qubits
Pairs of qubits can be entangled, meaning the state, superposition of one qubit cannot be changed without altering the other qubit that is is entangled to
State of the first qubit can be read by looking at the state of the second qubit it is entangled with. Meaning they're mathematically related, but the answer will not be known until the final sate of the qubit (physical state)
Each qubit is in superposition
Quantum Internet
Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away
In sci-fi it means transfer physical objects form one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information
The location of recipient can be unknown, but to complete the quantum teleportation, classical information needs to be sent from sender to receiver
Since classical information needs to be sent, quantum teleportation cannot occur faster than the speed of light
Sender doesn't have to know the particular quantum state being tranferred
It is the future where quantum computers or devices may be able to interconnect and communicate using teleportation of qubits
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
Qubits are sent through Optical fibre cables, results in degradation of the qubits over distance
Future of Quantum Internet will resolve this
Qubits are sent to the receiver who measures the qubits to gain the key values
Using qubits decreases the likelihood of being deciphered
Process of encoding a Classical Encryption Key being coded into qubits
Potential applications of quantum computers
Cyber security including producing security codes and encryption keys
Financial modelling
AI
Mathematical and science-based problem solving
Analysis of big data sets
AI
Types of AI
Strong AI
Can carry out a range of functions and can eventually learn to solve new problems
Weak AI / Narrow AI
The AI is focused on one task, like diagnostic based on user input
Applications of AI
Visual perception
Decision making
Speech recognition
Language translation
Machine Learning
Application of AI where computer systems automatically learn and improve with experience without being programmed
Focus of Machine Learning is the development of computer programs to allow greater access to data in order that it learns itself
Deep Learning / Deep Neural Learning
Function of AI that imitates how human brain works in respect to processing data, creation of patterns to make decisions known as deep neural learning
Application of machine learning in manufacturing sector
Machinery is linked to network and there is constant stream of data being generated and fed to local processing point for analysis e.g. production rate
What can machine learning do
quickly analyse data
identify patterns
spot anomalies
Application of Deep Learning
Self drive Cars
Deep learning is used to contextualize information constantly being sent from cars sensors e.g. GTA positioning, speed of vehicle, all calculated at same time
Deep learning algorithm will continue to improve as more data is receieved, whereas machine learning will reach a stage there is no stage. So Deep learning is more independent and scalable
Challenges of AI on society and individuals
AI will require workforce to evolve - Humans must challenge themselves and take on new roles
Legislation changes
Privacy
Positive impacts on society
Healthcare sector has improved monitoring of patients and early diagnosis. Saving money and time
More personalised treatment and drug protocols and wider access to information across different facilities
Workplace can be improved. Taking over repetitive roles from humans
AI in an organisation
Continual analytics stream
Mobile monitoring of production
No human error, lack of consistency/lower performance due to mood/fatigue
Does not need to stop for breaks
Can carry out same action as a human
Extended reality
Virtual reality (VR)
Mixed reality (MR)
Augmented reality (AR)
Annotation
Storytelling
Visualisation
IoT
There are four pillars of IoT
Data
Alt for business - Data
Process
Alt for business - Analytics
People
Alt for business - Device
Things
Alt for business- Connectively
Benefits of utilising IoT
Social Media (Facebook, Twitter)
Personal use
Financial
Transport
Warehouses (Equipment)
E-commerce (Amazon)
Personal and business possibilities from IoT
Develop visualisation patterns of usage
Enable organisations to effectively compete in a continuously changing business environment
Automate work processes and streamline workflow
Blockchain
Structure
Each block contains a unique hash that identifies the block and the data / information it contains
Each block contains data / Information, hash, hash of previous block
Each block in the chain is linked to previous block going back to the Genesis block
All blocks contain the hash of previous block in the chain, which makes it secure
First block is known as Genesis block
Types of block chain
Public
Bit coin is a digital token with the block chain keeping a record of who owns a digital token in a ledger
Cannot have bit coin without block chain
Large distributed networks operates using native token (Bit coin). Public block chain usually has open source code
Permissioned
Blockchain network that is only accessed by selected uses. Also uses native token like Bitcoin. An example is Ripple that uses XRP tokens. Ripple uses consensus mechanism.
Private
Smaller than public or permissioned, do not need a token. Used by private consortiums who have trusted members to trade confidential information
Other types of block chains:
Consortium
Permissionless
Hybrid
3D Printing
Cost
3D Printing only uses one machine, so only one needs to be bought
Since there is only one machine, time cost is also reduced
Limited wasted materials
The printer will only use exact amount of material to create object. Since the process is additive, when object is finished the process stops
Traditional manufacturing there was always waste usually non-recyclable.
Cost advantage as it reduces amount of materials needed
Quality and consistency
Creation of object is taken from a dgitial file where object ahs been designed using CAD package
Once a prototype object has been created the 3D printer will create the same object to the same quality, each time the file is accessed
So the final object created from the file will be exactly the same in terms of quality and consistency as the first object
Disadvantages of 3D printing
High initial capital outlay
3D printers and materials to create objects are expensive
Leads to higher cost to customers for object
Company could send their design files to a 3D printer company instead of buying a printer themselves
Manufacturing job loses
Using 3D printer means number of people needed to operate the machinery is reduced
Job losses are inevitable if manufacturing moves to the use of 3D printers
Uses of 3D printing
Entertainment, props for theatre and film
Fashion, clothes, footwear, eyewear
Architectural scale models
Home furnishings, like furniture
Industrial products, manufacturing tools, prototypes, car and consumer parts
Medical, dental and prosthetics
5G
Background and terms
3G lead to creation of smart phones
5G was designed to improve download speed and reduce latency
Low latency is a advantage of 5G
5G cells expand mobile networks by boosting capacity as users need it, at a festival or sports stadium
Spectrum offload can be utilised, allows operators to offload traffic in heavy areas to relieve congestion through tighter frequency re-use
Extend coverage by usingindoor cells that use internet connections to ensure people always have a signal
Different uses of 5G
Autonomous driving
Drone operation and robotics
Enhanced mobile Broadband
Industrial IoT
Agriculture
5g enabled remote healthcare
IoT
Medical monitoring systems
Eight specification requirements for 5G
90% reduction in network energy usage
Up to 10 years battery life for low power devices
100% coverage.
99.999% availability.
Up to 100x number of connected devices per unit area (compared with 4G LTE)
1000x bandwidth per unit area.
1-millisecond latency.
Up to 10 Gbps data rate
DNA Storage
DNA encodes all data required to make life, so it can make an ideal storage solution for digital data too
Facts
Stability - DNA sample has been recovered that was 2 million years old
Energetic cost - DNA in an encapsulated tightly sealed sell with an inert atmosphere should preserve DNA on a scale of hundreds of thousands of years at room temperature
DNA represented in 4 different states,
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), guanine (G)
Binary only have two states 0 and 1 so DNA has double the capacity
Capacity
Human cell nucleus has a diameter of 10um which is 12,000,000 bits/um(squared)
HDD = Compared with 4293 bits/um(squared) has been achieved in a hard drive
One gram of DNA can store 215 petabytes of data
A data centre will store 27 petabytes, so 1 gram of DNA would be 8 Data Centres
Drones
Also known as UAV (Unmanned/uncrewed aerial vehicle
Can be controlled by a human operator
Known as remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)
Where drones are used in
Disaster relief
Emergency services investigations
Archaeology research
Film and tv
Infrastructure inspections
Military drones
Originally developed for use by military
They use drones for when aircraft is too risky
Provides military with 24/7 surveillance
Can stay in the air for approx. 17 hours
Which enables surveillance over an area, while constantly sending a real-time video stream back to control centre
Flying drones
CAA requires users to register and take a test
Must be passed before user can legally fly
CAA also created a code
The Drone and model Aircraft Code
Which is legally binding
Nanobots
Size
Nanobots are 50-100 nm wide
Goals of nanorobotic surgery
Enable surveillance, early detection, diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease at cellular level
Provide less invasive and more effective surgical techniques
Better outcomes in diseases that are currently diagnosed too late
20-year mission
Microscopic smart drug and gene delivery nanobots
Capillary rovers
Single cell biopsy or transplant nanobots
Microscopic 3D printer nanobots
Self-assembling microimagers deployable via body's highways, like cardiovascular system
Smart programmable wireless sensors for microscopic diagnosis