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Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System, Cause, Symptoms, Diagnostic and…
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Cause
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- Chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), kidney disease, diabetes, cancer and HIV.
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- Reduction in hormone levels.
- Malnutrition or inadequate protein intake.
- Decrease in your ability to convert protein to energy
- Decline in the number of nerve cells that send messages from your brain to your muscles telling them to move.
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Diagnostic and Tests
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Severity
- Handgrip test- to measure hand strength
- Chair stand test- to measure strength of leg muscles, specially quadriceps
- Walking speed test- The time taken for a person to walk 4 m at their usual walking pace
- Short physical performance battery- three timed tasks: chair stand test, standingbalance test and walking speed test.
- Timed-up and go test (TUG): The TUG test measures the time it takes for you to risefrom a chair, walk 3 meters (about 10 feet) away from the chair, walk 3 meters backto the chair, and sit back down in the chair.
SYMPTOMS
- Pain, swelling, stiffness and tenderness in more than one joint.
- Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting for long periods.
- Pain and stiffness in the same joints on both sides of your body.
- Fatigue (extreme tiredness).
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SYMPTOMS
- In long bones, such as the bones of the arms and legs, the fracture usually occurs at the ends of the bones rather than in the middle. Long bone fractures typically are painful.
- Hip and wrist fractures are very common, later being more so in women.
- The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are particularly at risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. These fractures are the most common osteoporosis-related fracture. They usually occur in the middle to lower back. Typically, the drum-shaped body of one or more vertebrae collapses into itself and becomes compressed into a wedge-shape
- Fragility fractures- These can happen even with a small strain, in normal situation a strong bone would not develop such fractures
RISK FACTORS
- Family history: You’re more likely to develop RA if you have a close relative who also has it.
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- Smoking: Smoking increases a person’s risk of rheumatoid arthritis and makes the disease worse.
- Obesity: Your chances of developing RA are higher if you have obesity.
Treatment
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- Physical activity is important as you age, specially progressive resistance-based strength training.
- Nutritional interventions- One underlying cause of muscle wasting can be attributed to malnutrition or nutrient deficiencies such as in vitamin D or B12. Malnutrition is a key pathophysiological driver of sarcopenia, exacerbating muscle wasting in elderly patients. Many nutritionists usually start the OA on protein diet.
Treatment
- The most important goal of treating rheumatoid arthritis is to reduce joint pain and swelling. Doing so should help maintain or improve joint function. The long-term goal of treatment is to slow or stop joint damage.
- Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis include lifestyle changes, therapies, medicine and surgery.
Medication
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DMARD
- Methorexate
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Sulfasalazine
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Diagnosis & Tests
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Blood Tests: The blood tests look for inflammation and blood proteins (antibodies) that are signs of rheumatoid arthritis.
blood test
- C-reactive protein (CRP).
Types of Osteoporosis
FUN FACT!
Osteoporosis is more common in women. It affects almost 20% (1 in 5) of women aged 50 and over and almost 5% (1 in 20) of men aged 50 and over. Approximately 50% of postmenopausal women and 20% of men over age 50 years will sustain an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetimes.
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Diagnosis
SUSPECTS
- All women age 65 or older
- Women between menopause and age 65 who have risk factors for osteoporosis
- All men and women who have had a previous fracture caused by little or no force, even if the fracture occurred at a young age
- People whose bones appear less dense on X-rays or who have vertebral compression fractures on X-rays
- People who are at risk of developing secondary osteoporosis
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- In addition, vertebrae lose some of their mineral content, making each bone thinner.
- The spinal column becomes curved and compressed (packed together).
- Bone spurs, caused by ageing and overall use of the spine, may also form on the vertebrae.
- This reduces flexibility and the cushioning effect of normal cartilage, allowing bones to rub against bones, resulting in pain and restriction of joint movement.
- There is also decreased hydration or water content in cartilage with age.
- a large body of evidence indicates regular appropriate exercise can:
- slow loss of muscle strength
- increase strength, even in very old age.
A person scores each factor with a number between 0 and 2. The highest maximum SARC-F
score is 10. A SARC-F score of 4 or more warrants more testing.
- To maintain bone density (or bone mass), the body requires an adequate supply of calcium and other minerals and must produce the proper amounts of several hormones, such as parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin, estrogen, and testosterone.
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- Uncontrolled inflammation damages cartilage, which normally acts as a “shock absorber” in the joints. In time, this can deform the joints. Eventually, your bone itself erodes. This can lead to the fusion of the joints (an effort of your body to protect itself from constant irritation).
- RA may also affect skin, eyes, mouth, lungs, and heart.
Causes = Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. In some people, joint symptoms develop over several years. In other people, rheumatoid arthritis symptoms progress rapidly. Many people have time with symptoms (flares) and then time with no symptoms (remission).
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or “sed rate” confirms inflammation in your joints.
- About 80% of people with RA test positive for rheumatoid factor (RF).
- About 60% to 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis have antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) (proteins).
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When the joints are inflamed, the risk of injury to joints and nearby soft tissue structures (such as tendons and ligaments) is high, so its important to rest.
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Regular exercise can help prevent and reverse loss of joint motion and loss of muscle strength. Beneficial workouts include:
- Range-of-motion exercises to preserve and restore joint motion.
- Exercises to increase strength.
- Exercises to increase endurance (walking, swimming and cycling).