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Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their interventions - Coggle…
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their interventions
Sarcopenia
gradual loss of muscle mass, strength and function.
Symptoms
Muscle weakness
Loss of stamina.
Difficulty performing daily activities.
Walking slowly.
Trouble climbing stairs.
Poor balance and falls.
Decrease in muscle size.
Caused by the natural aging process. Everyone loses muscle mass over time, but people with sarcopenia lose it more quickly
other possible risk factors for sarcopenia
Physical inactivity.
Obesity.
Chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), kidney disease, diabetes, cancer and HIV.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Insulin resistance.
Reduction in hormone levels.
Malnutrition or inadequate protein intake.
Decrease in your ability to convert protein to energy.
Decline in the number of nerve cells that send messages from your brain to your muscles telling them to move.
Diagnostic
complete a self-reported questionnaire based on their self-reported symptoms called the SARC-F,
S — Strength.
A — Assistance with walking.
R — Rising from a chair.
C — Climbing stairs.
F — Falls.
Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Physical activity is important as you age, specially progressive resistance-based strength training.
Nutritional interventions
Osteoporosis
the decrease in the density of bones weakens the bones, making breaks (fractures) likely. More common in women
Types of osteoporosis
Primary
Occurs spontaneously
Most commonly in post-menopausal women and older men
A major cause of osteoporosis is a lack of estrogen, particularly the rapid decrease that occurs at menopause.
In men, low levels of male sex hormones also contribute to osteoporosis.
Bone loss is even greater if calcium intake or vitamin D levels are low.
Secondary
Caused by another disorder or medication
Examples of disorders that may cause secondary osteoporosis are chronic kidney disease, and hormonal disorders (especially Cushing disease, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, high levels of prolactin
Medications that may cause secondary osteoporosis are progesterone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, certain chemotherapy medications .
Symptoms
may only be diagnosed when an older person presents with a fracture
The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are particularly at risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. These fractures are the most common osteoporosis-related fractur
Fragility fractures- These can happen even with a small strain, in normal situation a strong bone would not develop such fractures
Diagnosis
All women age 65 or older
Women between menopause and age 65 who have risk factors for osteoporosis
All men and women who have had a previous fracture caused by little or no force, even if the fracture occurred at a young age
People whose bones appear less dense on X-rays or who have vertebral compression fractures on X-rays
People who are at risk of developing secondary osteoporosis
Bone density testing can be used to detect or confirm suspected osteoporosis, even before a fracture occurs
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA scan) is the most useful test of bone density.
Blood tests may be done to measure calcium, vitamin D, and levels of certain hormones.
Treatment
Calcium and vitamin D
Weight bearing exercise
Medications
Bisophosphonates
Denosumab
Calcitonin
Arthritis
Types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative arthritis, a chronic disorder that causes damage to the cartilage and surrounding tissues and is characterized by pain, stiffness, and loss of function
Primary and secondary
Primary
The cause is not known. Primary osteoarthritis may affect only certain joints, such as the knee or thumb, or it may affect many joints
Secondary
The cause is another disease or condition, such as an infection, joint abnormality at birth, an injury, metabolic disorder or disorder that has damaged joint cartilage
<Symptoms and Causes>
<Diagnosis and treatment>
Based on symptoms and physical examination
Xray- Usually Xrays are done to see the severity of the symptoms
Physical measures, including physical and occupational therapy, joint protection, and appropriate weight loss
Medications
Surgery
When a joint is injured, the body tries to fix it by producing more cartilage components like collagen and proteoglycans. However, this can lead to problems. The cartilage may swell, become soft, and develop cracks. Below the cartilage, tiny holes can form in the bone, making it weaker
Pain - often described as a deep ache, is the first symptom
Bony growths commonly develop in the joints closest to the fingertips (called Heberden nodes) or middle of the fingers (called Bouchard nodes)
Back pain is the most common symptom. Usually, damaged disks or joints in the spine cause only mild pain and stiffness. However, osteoarthritis in the neck or lower back can cause numbness, pain, and weakness in an arm or leg if the overgrowth of bone presses on nerves
Rheumatoid arthritis
a type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body.
Symptoms of pain and inflammation may be present in, fingers, hands, wrists, knees, ankles, feet, toes
Symptoms and causes
Pain, swelling, stiffness and tenderness in more than one joint
Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting for long periods
Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting for long periods.
Fatigue (extreme tiredness)
Weakness
Fever
Risk factors
Family history: You’re more likely to develop RA if you have a close relative who also has it
Sex: Women
Smoking: Smoking increases a person’s risk of rheumatoid arthritis and makes the disease worse
Obesity: Your chances of developing RA are higher if you have obesity
Treatment
lifestyle changes, therapies, medicine and surgery
Diagnostic and tests
Physical examination based on symptoms
Blood Tests: The blood tests look for inflammation and blood proteins (antibodies) that are signs of rheumatoid arthritis
Falls and prevention
Intrinsic risk factors
Age, female, not married, living alone, arthritis of knees, stroke, parkinson's, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, chronic condition, urinary incontinence, cognitive impairments, depressive symptoms, poor vision, postural hypotension, weak hand grip, sel perceived poor health, history of falls
Extrinsic risk factors
Use 4 or more prescribed drugs, use of hypnotic, anti tranquillisers, use of walking aid, mobility impairment, balance deficit, gait deficit, inappropriate footwear and foot problems, environmental and home hazards
Common drugs that increase falls risk
Anxiolytics/hypnotics, neuroleptics, antidepressants, antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, digoxin, analgesics, antihistamines, hypoglycemics
Consequences of fall
Immobility, restricting activities, functional decline, isolation, depression, fear, cost