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Diseases of musculoskeletal system - Coggle Diagram
Diseases of musculoskeletal system
Skeletal Age-related changes
Reduction in height
Calcium loss from bones
Posture
Joints become stiffer
Flattening foot arches
Muscular Age-related changes
Hunch back develops
Decline in muscle
Muscle atrophy
Sarcopenia
gradual loss of muscle mass, strength and function
Causes of Sarcopenia
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), kidney disease, diabetes, cancer and HIV
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Insulin resistance.
Reduction in hormone levels
Malnutrition or inadequate protein intake.
Decrease in your ability to convert protein to energy.
Decline in the number of nerve cells that send messages from your brain to your muscles telling them to move.
Symptoms
Loss of stamina
Difficulty in performing daily activities
Muscle weakness
Decrease in muscle size
Poor balance and falls
affect people with a high body mass index (BMI)
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis may not cause symptoms until a bone fracture occurs
Symptoms
Long bones - fracture usually occurs at the ends of the bones rather than in the middle. Long bone fractures typically are painful
Hip and wrist fractures are very common, later being more so in women
Fragility fractures- These can happen even with a small strain, in normal situation a strong bone would not develop such fractures
The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are particularly at risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. These fractures are the most common osteoporosis-related fracture.
Treatment
Calcium and Vitamin D
Weight bearing exercise
Medications
Bone condition and nutrients
Osteoporosis may not cause symptoms until a bone fracture occurs
An adequate supply of vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium from food and incorporate it into bones
Types of Osteoporosis
Primary
Occurs spontaneously
Most commonly in post-menopausal women and older men
Secondary
Caused by another disorder or medication
may cause secondary osteoporosis are chronic kidney disease, and hormonal disorders
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Primary
the cause is not known (as in the large majority of cases)
may affect only certain joints, such as the knee or thumb, or it may affect many joints
Secondary
the cause is another disease or condition
An infection
A joint abnormality that appeared at birth
An injury
A metabolic disorder—for example, excess iron in the body (hemochromatosis) or excess copper in the liver (Wilson disease)
A disorder that has damaged joint cartilage—for example, rheumatoid arthritis or gout
Symptoms
Pain - often described as a deep ache
Bony growths commonly develop in the joints closest to the fingertips
Osteoarthritis often affects the spine
Treatments
Physical measures
Medication
Surgery
Causes
Tissue damage
chemicals accumulate in the joint and increase the production of the components of cartilage, such as collagen
Swelling
The attempt of the tissues to repair the damage may lead to new growth of bone and other tissue. Bone can overgrow at the edges of the joint, causing bumps (osteophytes) that can be seen and felt
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body
Symptoms and causes
Pain, swelling, stiffness and tenderness in more than one joint.
Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting for long periods.
Pain and stiffness in the same joints on both sides of your body.
Fatigue (extreme tiredness).
Weakness.
Fever.
Risk Factors
Family history: You’re more likely to develop RA if you have a close relative who also has it
Sex: Women
Smoking: Smoking increases a person’s risk of rheumatoid arthritis and makes the disease worse.
Obesity: Your chances of developing RA are higher if you have obesity
Treatment
Medication
Surgery
Lifestyle changes
Rest
Exercise