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Botany Lab Final, Monocotyledonae stem cross section Monocotyledonae stem…
Botany Lab Final
Seed Evolution
Cones and Flowers
Angiosperm Seeds
Monocot
Monocot Ovary
Monocot Anther
Gymnosperm Seeds
Male Pine
Female Pine Archegonium
Flowers
Complete Flowe
r
Purpose: Pollenation
Pollenation Syndroms
FRUIT
parthenocarpy: no fertilization required
ovule develops into a
seed
ovary develops into a
fruit
Multiple fruits
consist of gynoecia of more than one flower
Aggregate fruits
are formed from separate carpels of a single gynoecium (fruitlets)
simple fruit
develops from one carpel or several united carpels
Including: Dry fruits, Dehiscent fruits, Indehiscent fruits, Fleshy fruits
Fruit Function: Seed Dispersal
Active and Passive
All the energy required for producing seedlings comes from the mobilization of stored starch in the ungerminated seed into glucose that can then be used in cellular respiration and growth in the germinating seed.
Starch test
Benedict’s reagent is used to test for the presence of reducing sugars.
Slightly more glucose in germinated bean.
Iodine Test showed equal amounts of starch in both germiated and ungerminated.
Mitochondria: Place of Cellular Respiration
Glucose: Product of Respiration, Stored as Starch in the Cotyledon.
Thylakoid Reactions
Fluorescence
protective mechanism
The absorbed light boosts electrons from the pigments to the next orbital. The electron returns to steady state by releasing this energy as light (the reddish glow) and heat (2nd Law of Thermodynamics).
Cells
CELLS
Cell Wall
Middle Lamella
Cell Membrane
nuclei
nucleoli
cytoplasm
vacuole
Plastids-
Leucoplasts (Amyloplasts) starch storage and chromoplasts: lipid storage & UV protection
chlorophyll. They are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis
Stomata
water evaporates out of open stomata to drier atmosphere, creating water differential.and tension on the water column
Transpiration
Cohesion-Tension Theory
the water potential gradient between the air and the soil provides a driving force for water movement through the plant
STOMATA "Mouth"
movement of water from soil to the atmosphere through plants
Monocotyledonae leaf cross section
Eudicot Leaf Cross Section
Microscope
d1m1=d2m2
Hypothesis
:A hypothesis is a testable, educated guess
Independent variable
(X-variable), factor the investigator varies during the experiment
Dependent variable
(response variable or Y-variable), what the investigator measures (or counts or records)
Null hypothesis
(H0) assumes the control and the treatment are the same.
Alternative hypothesis
(HA) suggests that the control and treatment are different
Data Representation
Line graphs
Bar graphs
Calculating Standard Means
Roots
Evolved Independently
Monocot Root
Eudicot Root
Lateral Root Growth
-From Pericycle
water enters through root hair via osmosis due to hypotonic soil solution
Secondary Growth
tissues produced by two lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium
Vascular Tissue Evolution
Non Vascular to Vascular
Parenchyma Cells
Hydroids
Leptoids
Tracheids
Alteration of Generations
Lycophytes
-Liverworts
Gametophyte
“plant” with no vascular tissue
male antheridiophore
female archegoniophore
Sporophyte
Completely dependent on the Gametophyte
sporocytes divide by meiosis to produce spores
Monilophyta - Ferns
Gametophyte
Fern Sporophyte
Bryophyta
-Mosses
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Dependent on water and must swim to the egg.
Archegonial Head
Male Antheridium
Woody
Secondary Xylem: Wood
Secondary Phloem: Bark
Live Cortex Parenchyma cells and begin to produce cork cells
Vascular cambium
: ring of meristematic cells between the xylem and phloem
Hard Wood: Flowering Trees
Soft Wood: wood of conifers
Apical Meristem
perpetually embryonic tissues
Shoots
Monocotyledonae stem
cross section
Eudicotyledonae stem cross section
