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disease of musculoskeletal & their interventions - Coggle Diagram
disease of musculoskeletal & their interventions
Calcium Loss from the Bone:
• Peak bone mass at age 35
• Factors influencing bone loss
• Osteopenia and osteoporosis
Joints:
• Stiffness and reduced flexibility
• Mineral deposits and cartilage loss in joints
Foot Arches:
• Flattening of foot arches
Posture Changes:
• Stooped posture
• Changes in body proportions
Cartilage Erosion:
• Roughened cartilage surfaces
• Reduced flexibility and increased bone-to-bone contact
Muscular System Changes:
• Decline in muscle strength
• Muscle atrophy and lean body mass decrease
Hunchback Development:
• Result of thinning vertebrae and muscle stiffness
Definition of Sarcopenia:
• Gradual loss of muscle mass, strength, and function
• Affects elderly and individuals with high BMI (sarcopenic obesity)
Prevalence in Singapore:
• Studies indicating prevalence (Yishun Study and GERI-LABS 2)
• Association with age, frailty, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Symptoms:
• Muscle weakness
• Loss of stamina
• Difficulty in daily activities
• Mobility issues (walking, climbing stairs)
• Poor balance and falls
• Decrease in muscle size
Causes of Sarcopenia:
• Natural aging process
• Factors such as physical inactivity, obesity, chronic diseases, hormonal changes, malnutrition, etc.
Diagnosis and Tests:
• SARC-F questionnaire and its components
S — Strength.
A — Assistance with walking.
R — Rising from a chair.
C — Climbing stairs.
F — Falls.
• Diagnostic tests like handgrip test, chair stand test, walking speed test, Timed-up and go test (TUG)
Treatment:
• Lifestyle changes
• Importance of physical activity, especially resistance-based strength training
• Nutritional interventions and protein-rich diet
Definition of Osteoporosis:
• Decrease in bone density leading to weakened bones and fractures.
Causes and Risk Factors:
• Aging, estrogen deficiency, low vitamin D or calcium intake, and certain disorders.
• Lack of hormones necessary for bone density maintenance.
Symptoms and Fractures:
• Fractures with minimal force, often after minor falls.
• Some fractures may not cause pain but can lead to deformities.
• Common fractures in hip, wrist, and spine.
Diagnosis:
• Risk factors and criteria for suspicion.
• Imaging and tests used for diagnosis (X-rays, bone density testing).
Types of Osteoporosis:
• Primary Osteoporosis (post-menopausal women, older men).
• Secondary Osteoporosis (due to other disorders or medications).
Prevention and Treatment:
• Managing risk factors (adequate nutrition, exercise, medications).
Bone Content and Nutrition:
• Importance of minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
• Hormones and vitamin D's role in bone health.
Definition and Classification of Osteoarthritis:
• Chronic disorder causing cartilage damage
• Primary and secondary classifications
Causes of Osteoarthritis:
• Tissue damage leading to joint deterioration
• Swelling, tissue breakdown, and bone overgrowth
Symptoms of Osteoarthritis:
• Pain, stiffness, and functional loss
• Bony growths and spine-related symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment:
• Diagnostic methods such as X-rays
• Treatment goals and approaches
Treatment Options:
• Physical measures: exercises, joint protection, and rest
• Additional measures for pain relief and support
Medication and Surgical Treatment:
• Pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and supplements
• Surgical options like joint replacement
Definition of RA:
• Immune system attacking joint tissue
• Symmetrical joint involvement
Affected Joints and Symptoms:
• Listing joints affected by RA
• Symptoms such as pain, swelling, and stiffness
Effects of Uncontrolled Inflammation:
• Cartilage damage and joint deformities
• Bone erosion and joint fusion
• Other body areas affected by RA
Symptoms and Causes:
• Variation in symptom progression
• Range of symptoms like pain, fatigue, weakness, and fever
• Triggers and causes of RA
Risk Factors:
• Factors increasing the risk of developing RA
Diagnosis and Tests:
• Methods used for diagnosing RA, including physical exams and blood tests
Treatment Options:
• Goals of RA treatment
• Different treatment approaches like medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes
• Specific lifestyle changes recommended for managing RA
• Exercise recommendations for joint preservation and muscle strength
Definition of Falls:
• Definition by the World Health Organization
Incidence of Falls in Singapore:
• Crude incidence rate in 2012 (277.7 per 100,000) for adults aged 60 years or older
• Sharp increase in incidence with age
Location of Falls:
• Majority of falls (63%) occur at home
Consequences of Falls:
• Immobility
• Activity restrictions
• Functional decline
• Social isolation
• Depression and fear
• Financial and social costs