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Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their interventions - Coggle…
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and their interventions
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is a medical condition characterised by the gradual loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, primarily affecting the elderly and those with high BMI, often referred to as sarcopenic obesity.
Causes of Sarcopenia
physical inactivity, obesity, chronic diseases like kidney disease, loss of mobility, insulin resistance, reduction in hormone levels.
Symptoms
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Muscle weakness, loss of stamina, difficulty performing daily activities, walking slowly, trouble climbing stairs, poor balance and falls, decrease in muscle size
Treatment
Lifestyle changes like physical activity (especially progressive resistance-based strength training) and nutritional intervention ( Vitamin D or B12, Protein diet) play a huge role
Osteoprosis
Bone content and nutrition
Calcium and phosphurus make bones hard and dense.
Bones require adequate supply of calcium and other minerals and hormones such as parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin, estrogen, and testosterone to maintain its denisty
Types of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis affects 20% (1 in 5) of women aged 50 and above and 5% (1 in 20) of men aged 50 and over.
There are two main types of Osteoporosis: Primary Osteoporosis and secondary Osteoporosis.
Primary
Occurs spontaneously, most common in post-menopausal women and older men, Major cause of Osteoporosis is due to lack of estrogen. For women rapid decrease occurs during menopause. For men low levels of sex hormones contribute to osteoporosis.
Secondary osteoporosis
Caused by other disorders such as chronic kidney diseases, and hormonal disorders and medication such as progesterone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones and certain chemotherapy medication.
symptoms
Osteoporosis is diagnosed when an older person presents with a fracture, typically at the ends of long bones like the arms and legs. These fractures are painful and common, especially in women. Spine bones are particularly at risk due to osteoporosis, often occurring in the middle to lower back. The drum-shaped body of one or more vertebrae collapses into itself, compressing into a wedge-shape. Fragility fractures can occur even with a small strain, as a strong bone would not develop such fractures in normal situations.
Treatment
Calcium and vitamin D
600 to 800 International units of supplemental vitamin D should be consumed each day, Vitamin D deficiency patients may require higher doses
Weight-bearing exercise
Walking and stair-climbing helps to increase bone density
Medication
Bisophosphonates ( Alendronate and zoledronic acid) are useful in treating all types of Osteoporosis
Denosumab is similar in that it prevents bone loss
Calcitonon prevents the breakdown of bone
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
(Degenerative Arthritis)
Osteoarthritis is a chronic disorder that causes damage to the cartilage and surrounding tissues and is characterised by pain, stiffness, and loss of function. It is classified as primary and secondary.
Primary and Secondary
Primary Osteoarthritis (Idiopathic) has an unknown cause and may affect certain joints such as knees or thumbs or it may affect many joints
Secondary osteoarthritis is caused by another disease or condition such as an infection, joint abnormality at birth, injury, metabolic disorder (Excess iron in the body), wilson disease (excess copper in the liver) or a disorder that has damaged joint cartilage (rheumatoid arthritis or gout)
Causes of Osteoarthritis
Tissue damages most often causes Osteoarthritis as in an attempt to repair damaged joints, chemicals accumulate in the joint and increases production of the ccomponents of cartilage such as collagen (tough, fibrous protein in connective tissue) and proteoglycans (substances that provide resillience)
Swelling and tissue damage
Water retention causes cartilage to swell, become soft, and break down, leading to cracks and tiny cavities beneath the cartilage. The tissues repair the damage, leading to new bone growth and overgrowth at joint edges. This results in visible bumps called osteophytes, and a rough, pitted surface, making the joint unsuitable for smooth movement and impact absorption.
Symptoms
Pain, often a deep ache, is the first symptom of weight-bearing joints and is worsened by weight-bearing activities like standing. Some people may experience stiffness after sleep or inactivity, but this usually subsides within 30 minutes, especially if the joint is moved.
Bony growth commonly develops in the joints closest to the fingertips (Heberden nodes) or middle of the finger (Bouchard nodes)
Back pain is the most common symptom and is usually by damaged disks or joints in the spine causing mild pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis in the neck or lower back causes numbness, pain, and weakness in an arm or leg if the overgrowth of bone presses on nerves.
Treatment
Physical measures such as physical and occupational therapy, joint protection, and appropriate weight loss.
Medications such as pain relievers, muscle relaxants and nutritional supplements.
surgical treatments like hip or knee replacements can be done if the other treatments fail to reduce pain or improve function.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body
Symptoms and Causes
Pain, Swelling, Stiffness and Tendrness in more than one Joint
Stiffness especially in the morning or after long hours of sitting
Pain and Stiffness in the same joints on both sides of your body
Fatigue
Weakness
Fever
An infection, smoking, or physical or emotional stress may be triggering
Treatment
Goals for treating Rheumatoid arthritis is to reduce joint pain and swelling. Treatments include lifestyle changes, therapies, medicine and surgery.
Medications include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to decrease pain and inflammation and Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to slow the disease process by modifying the immune system.
Surgery can be an option to restore function to severely damaged joints.
Lifestyle changes such as rest to help reduce inflammation to the joints and regular exercises can prevent loss of joint motion and muscle strength.