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L6 New Pesticide - Coggle Diagram

- - - - rigid external skeleton is non-living and cannot accommodate continuous growth
      - The old cuticle must be shed and new one expanded in order for ecdysozoans to grow in size
      - It also allows damaged tissue and missing limbs to be regenerated
      - Complete regeneration is not immediate may take several molts
    - - Once the process is initiated, it cannot be interrupted otherwise malformation or even death may occur
      - In the period of time where the exuviae is shed and the new cuticle is expanded, air exchange and movement is temporarily compromised
      - It leaves the animal vulnerable to predation and dehydration
- - - - functions at almost every trophic level in the soil ecosystem
      - First level consumers feed on plants and algae
      - Second level grazers feed on bacteria and fungi
      - Third level consumers are predatory nematodes
      - First multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequence
    - - feed by piercing and killing root cells with needle-like structures called stylets
      - General symptoms of a nematode infection include yellowing, stunted growth, wilting and decline in yield
      - Nematode assays from soil samples are the only way to confirm the presence and density of these parasites
    - - Nematode infections in humans include ascariasis, hookworms, filariasis, enterobiasis
      - An estimated 807 million – 1.2 billion people in the world are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides
      - Lives in the intestine, Ascaris eggs are passed in the feces of infected people > contaminated dirt, eating vegetables or fruits that have not been properly processed or cooked
      - Heavy infections can block the intestines and slow growth in children
  - - - Segmentation – specialization of body regions particularly in the appendages they bear
      - Hard exoskeleton (external skeleton) composed of chitin and protein – protection against predators and excessive moisture loss
      - Point of attachment for muscles that move appendages
      - Paired, jointed appendages – the group was named for its “jointed feet” which are modified for many functions
      - Swimming paddles, walking legs, mouthparts for manipulating food, sensory structures, and organs for transferring sperm
      - Very effective sense organs for hearing and most have antennae
      - Compound eyes composed of many light-sensitive units called ommatidia for detecting movement
    - - Monophyletic group, sister group to all other arthropods
      - Includes the Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs) and arachnids
      - shared characteristics
        
        Body plan consists of cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and an abdomen
        
        No chewing mandibles, first appendages are a pair of chelicerae (fang-like feeding appendages)
        
        Most suck fluid-food from their prey
        
        Second appendages are the pedipalps
        
        The chelicerae and pedipalps are modified to perform different functions in various groups
        
        The four pars of legs on the cephalothorax are specialized for walking
      - Eg: Horseshoe crab, Giant Golden Orbweaver (Nephila pilipes), Harvestman (daddy longlegs), Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
    - - Monophyletic group
      - Uniramous appendages (a single series of segments attached end to end)
      - Jaw-like mandibles
      - Single pair of antennae (absent in chelicerata) Comprises of centipedes (Chilopoda) and millipedes (Diplopoda)
      - Both have a head and elongated thorax with many segments each bearing either one or two pairs of legs
      - Centipedes
        
        “hundred legged” have one pair of legs on each segment
        
        The move rapidly and are venomous, nocturnal predators
        
        Legs in the first thoracic segment have been modified into forcipules (pincer-like appendages for injecting venom
      - Millipedes
        
        “thousand legged” have two pair of legs on most body segments
        
        Each double legged segment is formed from the fusion of two single segments
        
        They are not as agile as chilopods and crawl slowly
        
        A small minority are predatory
        
        Mostly detritivores that feed on decaying plant matter (important for nutrient cycling)