Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
the individual and the group - Coggle Diagram
the individual and the group
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
social catagorisation;
is the process by which we identify which groups we belong to and which groups we do not.
the groups we belong to are referred to as our "in-groups" - here we often use words like 'us' or 'we'
our "out-groups" are the groups we don't belong to - here we use words like 'they' or 'them'
social identification;
takes place after deciding which groups to belong to. this is the process of adopting the norms of the groups and taking on the chararcteristics of the group
social comparison;
is a means of justifying their group membership. this is seeking to achieve a positive self-esteem by positively comparing our 'in-group' to an 'out-group' whilst favouring the traits of our 'in-group'. this is done to achieve positive distinctiveness
:star: Drury et al ( 2009 )
used virtual reality to investigate the role of SIT in helping
40 students aged 20-25 - 7 male and 33 female - which fell part of a group or as an individual
participants used a virtual realty simulator to experience an emergency in the London Metro. here they would have to escape a fire whilst helping people out or pushing past them
before the experiment, they were asked to read a news report about a fire where 31 people died. they were then asked to close their eyes and imagine the sounds, smells, sights...
in one condition there was a small crowd ( 8 ) of people wearing the same coloured vest and the other had a larger crowd ( 32 ). they were also split into group-identification and individual identification
it was found that
those participants with a high in-group identification gave more help and push others less than those who did not have in-group identification. crowd size did not affect the amount of help given
:star: Bagby and Rector ( 1992 )
experiment carried out to see if one's social identity would influence objectivity in determining guilt of a defendant accused of rape
102 psychology students - 27 % male - all were bilingual, French-speaking Canadians
asked to read a transcript of a rape trial that varied in ethnicity of defendant and victim - the transcript was in French
asked to complete questionnaire asking them to rate personality traits of the defendant, determine the guilt of the defendant on a 7-point scale, and were asked about the ethnicity of the defendant and victim - this was an important control to ensure they had correct ethnicities noted
a chi-squared was used and
found
there was no gender difference in the results and no significant difference in the personality ratings
the researchers
found
that the French Canadians rated the 'out-group' ( English ) defendant to be more guilty when the victim in the 'in-group' was French
:star: Hilliard and Liben ( 2010 )
study carried out to determine how social category salience may play a role on the development of stereotypes and inter-group behaviour in elementary school children
57 US children aged 3 yrs 1 month to 5 yrs 6 months with a roughly even number of male and female children
pre-test/post-test design - each child completed a gender attitude test to measure their "gender flexibility"
conformity
is a change of behaviours as a result of a real or imagined group pressure or norms. it is the result of one of our most basic human behaviours: 'social comparison' that is our tendency to compare ourselves to others in order to validate out own behaviour and opinions
normative social influence: the need for social acceptance and approval,
we conform in order to be accepted and fit it
informational social influence: the need for certainity
when we are in ambiguous situations, we engage in social comparison in order to figure out how to behave
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
evolved from the 'social learning theory from 1961 combined with the self-efficacy theory in 1977 into the social cognitve theory in 1986
'self-efficacy' is an individual's belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals
this may effect health decisions such as; smoking, taking drugs, eating healthily, sleep habits, managing mental health...
an individual's knowledge acquisition is related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences and outside media influences
reciprocal determinism
is a concept put forth by Albert Bandura, which purports that not only does the environment influence a person but the person brings about a change in the envirnoment
RETENTION - remember details of the behaviour in order to replicate
REPRODUCTION - the opportunity to reproduce must be available
ATTENTION - pay attention to the features of the modelled behaviour
MOTIVATION - whats the rewards?
BOBO DOLLS
bandura carried out a lab experiment to see if children would imitat agression modeled by adults
36 boys and 36 girls aged between 3 & 6 participated by being places in a control group who saw no model, a passive model or witnessed an aggressive model ( both physically and verbally )
found that participants from the passive-model control showed aggressive behaviors than those in the aggressive model condition
the boys were also found to make more aggression acts than girls
boys made more physical acts of aggression whereas girls were more verbal
both boys and girls with a male model made more aggressive acts than children that observed a female one
:star: Joy, Kimbell & Zabrack ( 1986 )
studied the impact of television on children's aggressive behaviour through a longitudinal natural experiment
carried out in 3 small towns with a sample of 120 children
both physical and verbal aggressive behaviour was assessed in 1973 ( before a television channel was received ) and again in 1975 ( 2 years after the first channel was received )
they found
that the aggressive behaviour in the children of Notel increased significantly whereas in the other towns they showed no significant change
only 1 town, Notel, received the television channel
they also found
that males were more aggressive then females
information was collected about a child's favourite tv show showed no difference in between the more or less aggressive children
they concluded
that the heighten arousal from the excitement of having a television was likely to be the reason for increased aggression
:star: Charlton et al ( 2002 )
an interesting, natural experiment that was carried out in St Helena
investigated the effect of the introduction of television on aggression in children
cameras set up in the playgrounds of 2 primary schools were the behaviour of the children was observed before and after the introduction of television
a content analysis of the television programs showed little difference in the quantity or level of violence watched when comparing the UK with St Helena
analysis of hundreds of hours of videotape and backed up interview data from teachers, parents and some older children showed no increase in antisocial behaviour amongst the children
the good behaviour that had been evident for the arrival of television had been maintained after the 5 years of exposure
STEREOTYPES
what are your first impressions of someone?
prejudice
when we made a judgement about individuals with very little information about them, except for their group membership
an attituded which means that cognition is combined with emotion
usually negative
discrimination
a behaviour based on stereotyping and prejudice
often acquired indirectly from other people and social norms and not from personal experience
can be positive or negative
schemas that help us understand the world around us
prone to confirmation buas - we tend to see examples that confirm our stereotypes and we tend to ignore evidence that contradicts them
'effects of stereotypes'
memory distortion
stereotype threat
illusory correlation
'how are they formed?'
illusory correlation
grain of truth
confirmation bias
cognitive misers
