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diseases of musculoskeletal system - Coggle Diagram

- - - - S — Strength.
      - A — Assistance with walking.
      - R — Rising from a chair.
      - C — Climbing stairs.
      - F — Falls.
- - - - Occurs spontaneously
      - Most commonly in post-menopausal women and older men
      - A major cause of osteoporosis is a lack of estrogen, particularly the rapid decrease that occurs at menopause.
      - In men, low levels of male sex hormones also contribute to osteoporosis.
      - Bone loss is even greater if calcium intake or vitamin D levels are low.
    - - caused by disorder or medicatin
  - - - Bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronic acid) are useful in treating all types of osteoporosis
      - Denosumab is similar to the bisphosphonates in that it prevents bone loss
      - Calcitonin - inhibts the breakdown of bone
- - - - rest - inflamed joints risk injury to joints na dnearby soft tissue structures
      - exercise - prevent and reverse loss of joint motion and muscle strength
- - - - attempt to repair a damaged joint, chemicals accumulate in the joint and increase the production of the components of cartilage
    - - swell because of water retention, become soft, start to breakdown, and then develop cracks on the surface
      - Tiny cavities form in the bone beneath the cartilage, weakening the bone
      - repair the damage may lead to new growth of bone and other tissue
      - cause overgrow - bumps (osteophytes) at edge of join
      - the smooth, slippery surface of the cartilage becomes rough and pitted, so that the joint can no longer move smoothly and absorb impact
  - - - Appropriate exercises—including stretching, strengthening
      - postural exercises—help maintain healthy cartilage, increase a joint’s range of motion, and most importantly strengthen surrounding muscles so that they can absorb stress better
    - - Relieve pain
      - Maintain joint flexibility
      - Optimize joint and overall function
    - - A pain reliever (analgesic), such as acetaminophen, used before activities that cause discomfort or used regularly to relieve more constant joint discomfort, may be all that is needed for mild to moderate pain.
      - Muscle relaxants (usually in low doses) occasionally relieve pain caused by muscles straining to support joints affected by osteoarthritis.
      - Several nutritional supplements
- - - - age
      - female
      - living alone
      - stroke
      - diabetes
      - chronic conditions
      - poor vision
    - - gait deficit
      - use of walking aid
      - inappropriate footwear & foot problem
      - balance deficit
      - mobility impairment