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Diseases of Musculoskeletal System : - Coggle Diagram
Diseases of Musculoskeletal System :
Sacropenia: Gradual loss of muscle mass, strength, function
Symptoms
:
Muscle weakness
Loss of stamina.
Difficulty performing daily activities.
Walking slowly.
Trouble climbing stairs.
Poor balance and falls.
Decrease in muscle size.
Risk factors
Physical inactivity.
Obesity.
Chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), kidney disease, diabetes, cancer and HIV.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Insulin resistance.
Reduction in hormone levels.
Malnutrition or inadequate protein intake.
Decrease in your ability to convert protein to energy.
Decline in the number of nerve cells that send messages from your brain to your muscles telling them to move.
Diagnosis and Tests
SARC-F
S — Strength.
A — Assistance with walking.
R — Rising from a chair.
C — Climbing stairs.
F — Falls.
Handgrip test- to measure hand strength
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Chair stand test- to measure strength of leg muscles, specially quadriceps
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Walking speed test- The time taken for a person to walk 4 m at their usual walking pace
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Short physical performance battery- three timed tasks: chair stand test, standing balance test and walking speed test.
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Timed-up and go test (TUG): The TUG test measures the time it takes for you to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters (about 10 feet) away from the chair, walk 3 meters back to the chair, and sit back down in the chair.
Treatment
LIfestyle changes
Physical activity is important as you age, specially progressive resistance-based strength training.
Nutritional interventions- One underlying cause of muscle wasting can be attributed to malnutrition or nutrient deficiencies such as in vitamin D or B12.
Osteoporsis
: in which a decrease in the density of bones weakens the bones, making breaks (fractures) likely.
Primary Osteoporosis
Occurs spontaneously
Most commonly in post-menopausal women and older men
A major cause of osteoporosis is a lack of estrogen, particularly the rapid decrease that occurs at menopause.
In men, low levels of male sex hormones also contribute to osteoporosis.
Bone loss is even greater if calcium intake or vitamin D levels are low.
Secondary Osteoporosis
Caused by another disorder or medication
Examples of disorders that may cause secondary osteoporosis are chronic kidney disease, and hormonal disorders (especially Cushing disease, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, high levels of prolactin
Medications that may cause secondary osteoporosis are progesterone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, certain chemotherapy medications .
Diagnosis
All women age 65 or older
Women between menopause and age 65 who have risk factors for osteoporosis
All men and women who have had a previous fracture caused by little or no force, even if the fracture occurred at a young age
People whose bones appear less dense on X-rays or who have vertebral compression fractures on X-rays
People who are at risk of developing secondary osteoporosis
Treatment
Calcium & Vitamin D Supplements
Weight bearing exercise - climbing, walking
Medications - bisophosphonates, denosumab, calcitonin
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
: causes damage to the cartilage and surrounding tissues and is characterized by pain, stiffness, and loss of function.
Secondary arthritis
: caused by another disease or condition like
An infection
A joint abnormality that appeared at birth
An injury
A metabolic disorder—for example, excess iron in the body (hemochromatosis) or excess copper in the liver (Wilson disease)
A disorder that has damaged joint cartilage—for example, rheumatoid arthritis or gout
Causes
Tissue Damage: In an attempt to repair a damaged joint, chemicals accumulate in the joint and increase the production of the components of cartilage, such as collagen
Treatment
Physical measures, including physical and occupational therapy, joint protection, and appropriate weight loss
Medications
Surgery
Rheumatoid Arthritis
: type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body.
Symptoms
Pain, swelling, stiffness and tenderness in more than one joint.
Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting for long periods.
Pain and stiffness in the same joints on both sides of your body.
Fatigue (extreme tiredness).
Weakness.
Fever.
Risk factors
Family history: You’re more likely to develop RA if you have a close relative who also has it.
Sex: Women
Smoking: Smoking increases a person’s risk of rheumatoid arthritis and makes the disease worse.
Obesity: Your chances of developing RA are higher if you have obesity.
Diagnosis
Physical examination based off symptoms
Blood tests: looking for inflammation and blood proteins that are signs of RA.
Treatment
Rest
Exercise: Range of motion, strength building, endurance
Falls and Falls Prevention
Risk factors
Age
Females
Single
Living alone
Arthritis in knees
Chronic conditions: hypertension, diabetes
Consequences of falls
Immobility
•Restricting activities
•Functional decline
•Isolation
•Depression
•Fear
•Cost (financial, social)