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Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Function - Coggle Diagram
Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Function
Posterior Pituitary
Alterations in the production and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Excessive ADH
Causes
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) Secretion
Manifestations
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, irritability, disorientation, muscle cramps, and weakness
Diagnostic Criteria
Hyponatremia, hypotonicity, decreased urine volume, concentrated urine
Treatment
Water restriction, hypertonic intravenous (IV) solutions
Insufficient ADH
Causes
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Manifestations
Polyuria, severe dehydration, shock, death
Diagnostic Criteria
Urine-specific gravity of 1.005 or less and a urine osmolality less than 200 mOsm/kg, recent cranial surgery or trauma
Treatment
Hydration, desmopressin (DDAVP)
Anterior Pituitary
Alterations in the production and release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Excessive TSH
Causes
Hyperthyroidism
Manifestations
Goiter, exophthalmos, weight loss, agitation, restlessness,
sweating, heat intolerance, diarrhea, tachycardia, palpitations, tremors
Diagnostic Criteria
Elevated serum
levels of T3 and T4, increased uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland
Treatment
Thionamides, ablation
Insufficient TSH
Causes
Hypothyroidism
Manifestations
Myxedema, goiter, fatigue, cold intolerance, weakness, weight gain, lethargy, impaired reproduction, and impaired memory
Diagnostic Criteria
TSH assay, free T4, total T4, and T3 uptake, thyroid autoantibodies, and antithyroglobulin tests
Treatment
Levothyroxine
Alterations in the production and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Excessive ACTH
Causes
Cushing Syndrome
Manifestations
Suppression of the inflammatory and immune responses, behavioral changes, changes in fat metabolism, glucose intolerance
Diagnostic Criteria
Elevations in cortisol excretion
Treatment
Corticosteroids, surgery
Insufficient ACTH
Causes
Addison Disease
Manifestations
Skin melanocytes, resulting in hyperpigmentation, or darkening of the skin and mucous membranes
Diagnostic Criteria
Laboratory analysis of electrolyte levels demonstrating hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Treatment
Hydrocortisone IV, oral replacement of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones