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Cell Injury - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Abrasion, laceration, contusion
      - Stab or gunshot wound
      - Fracture
    - - Hypothermia (e.g. frostbite)
      - Hyperthermia (e.g. burns)
    - - Ionizing radiation
        UV radiation (e.g. sunburn)
    - - From explosions - Compression or rupture of hollow organs may occur depending on the intensity of the pressure wave.
  - - - obesity → atherosclerosis →ischemiccell injury
    - - Kwashiorkor
        
        Decreased intake of protein.
      - Marasmus
        
        Decreased intake of calories.
- - - - Immune cell activation, ischemia, and inflammation, including the production of nitric oxide, contribute to oxidative stress through redox reactions.
    - - Exposure to radiation (e.g., radiotherapy), certain drugs (e.g., gentamicin, tacrolimus, bleomycin, and cyclosporine), and heavy metals contribute to oxidative stress.
  - - - Recruit and activate white blood cells → worsening of immune response started by ischemia
- - - - Ischemic tolerance time: the time after which ischemia causes irreversible tissue damage
        
        Skin: 12 h
        
        Musculature: 6–8 h
        
        Neural tissue: 2–4 h
  - - - Decreased arterial perfusion, often caused by factors such as atherosclerosis or thromboembolism, particularly affects solid organs with a single blood supply (end-arterial), such as the kidney or heart.
    - - Decreased venous drainage, as seen in conditions like venous occlusion, Budd-Chiari syndrome, testicular or ovarian torsion, primarily impacts tissues with multiple blood supplies (e.g., intestine, lung, liver, testes).
        
        Reperfusion, occurring after procedures like angioplasty, is also a relevant factor in this context.
  - - - ↓intravascular volume → ↓ delivery of oxygen to tissue → ischemia
    - - ↓ left ventricular function → ↓ forward flow ofblood → ↓ delivery of oxygen to tissue→ischemia
    - - systemic vasodilation→ peripheral pooling of blood → ↓ delivery ofoxygen to tissue → ischemia
- - - - Pyknosis
        
        Shrinkage of the nucleus due to chromatin condensation.
      - Karyolysis
        
        Disintegration or dissolution of the nucleus.
      - Karyorrhexis
        
        Fragmentation of the nucleus mediated by endo nucleases.