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Health + Disease - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because viruses stay inside host cells and are not living cells.
    - - Specific antibiotics are prescribed by medical doctors for specific diseases
      - The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious bacterial diseases.
  - - - MRSA
        
        MRSA is often called a “superbug” because it is resistant to many antibiotics.
      - HOW TO STOP ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE?
        
        To help prevent strains of resistant bacteria from developing:
        
        Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics if they are needed and not for minor infections or viral infections.
        
        Patients should complete their course of antibiotics to ensure all bacteria are killed.
  - - - PAIN KILLERS - Relieve symptoms of infections
      - ANTIBIOTICS - Treat bacterial infections
      - ANTIVIRAL DRUGS - Treat viral infections
    - - THE 2 STAGES OF DRUG TESTING
        
        PRECLINICAL TESTING
        
        Testing on animals is useful for working out how toxic (harmful) a drug is to cells.
        
        In the UK, new medicines have to undergo tests on two different live mammals.
        
        Scientists also carry out early-stage testing on live animals
        
        Many drugs fail at this stage if they damage cells or do not work.
        
        Scientists carry out early-stage testing on human cells and tissues grown in the laboratory.
        
        CLINICAL TESTING
        
        Clinical trials test drugs on healthy volunteers and patients to check that they are safe. They usually use low doses of the drug.
        
        If a drug is found to be safe at low doses, there are more clinical trials to work out the optimum (best) dose for the drug.
- - - - A white blood cell finds the pathogen and engulfs it by changing shape.
      - The white blood cell ingests (absorbs) and digests the pathogen, destroying it.
    - - White blood cells recognise foreign antigens (proteins) on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies
      - Antibodies are specific to particular pathogens.
    - - Some bacteria produce toxins that can damage cells and tissues
      - The immune system responds to this by producing antitoxins, which neutralise the toxins released by the bacteria and prevent them from causing harm.
- - - - White blood cells recognise that the antigens are foreign and produce antibodies against them.
    - - Some of these white blood cells remain in the blood as memory cells. If the same pathogen invades the body again, the memory cells are able to:
      - Produce antibodies faster
      - Produce more antibodies, meaning that the antibody concentration remains in the blood for longer
    - - A vaccination injects a dead or inactive form of a pathogen into the blood
    - - Next time the same pathogen infects the vaccinated person, it will be destroyed by the immune system before it can cause illness
- - - - If food has not been cooked properly or has been prepared in unhygienic conditions, then we may ingest (eat) Salmonella bacteria that causes food poisoning.
      - The bacteria release toxins (poisons), causing fever, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea.
    - - Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease
      - Its symptoms include pain when urinating and a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.
      - Barrier methods of contraception, such as condoms, can be used to stop the bacteria spreading from person to person.
- - - - It causes purple or black spots on the leaves of rose plants.
      - Eventually, the leaves discolour and fall off. This makes it harder for plants to photosynthesise and plant growth slows.
      - Rose black spot can be spread in water or in the air (wind)
      - Removing and destroying discoloured leaves and using fungicides can treat affected plants.
- - - - If a mosquito is carrying malaria, then it transfers the infection into a person’s bloodstream when it bites them.
      - Malaria leads to recurring and severe fevers, which can cause death.
      - Malaria is spread by the female anopheles mosquito (a vector)
- - - - A vector is an organism that carries pathogens without being infected
      - For example, we can protect against mosquitos carrying malaria using mosquito nets.
      - Some protist diseases are carried by vectors.
    - - By being hygienic, we can destroy pathogens or wash them away so that they are not spread.
      - Using antibacterial products to clean surfaces, washing our hands and sneezing into a handkerchief are all hygienic measures to prevent the spread of infection.
    - - Vaccination can make people immune to (resistant to) infection.
      - The more individuals that are vaccinated, the less likely the disease is to spread.
    - - By isolating infected individuals, we prevent contact with other organisms. This stops the infection from spreading
- - - - Mucus is produced in the respiratory system and traps the particles and bacteria entering our airways.
    - - Tears contain enzymes that destroy any pathogens that make contact with our eye.
    - - Skin is a waterproof barrier that pathogens
        cannot pass through
      - Good bacteria live permanently on our skin, covering the surface and preventing pathogens from growing on our skin.
    - - Glands in the stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid, which destroys any pathogens that enter the stomach.
- - - - Antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto the pathogen, effectively ‘tagging’ them
    - - This causes the microorganisms to cluster, allowing other white blood cells to come and ingest (eat) them.
    - - Antigens are proteins found on the surface of cells
      - White blood cells can recognise foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens and produce protein molecules called antibodies