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Cellular Adaptation - Coggle Diagram
Cellular Adaptation
Types of Cellular Adaptation
Atrophy
Numerical Atrophy
Reduction in cell number (e.g., due to apoptosis).
Senile Atrophy
Physiological aging of cells that affects all organs.
Caused by normal wear-and-tear.
Hypotrophy (Simple Atrophy)
Tissue degeneration caused by adecrease in protein synthesis and cell content (e.g. organelles, cytoskeleton).
Pathological Atrophy
Localized Atrophy
Inactivity, pressure-induced atrophy,loss of hormonal stimulation (e.g., osteoporosis),ischemia (oxygen/substrate shortage), chronic inflammation.
Neurogenic Atrophy
Muscular atrophy via degeneration of neuromuscular transmission.
Generalized Atrophy
Catabolism, malnutrition, canceranorexia-cachexia syndrome.
Involution
Organs are temporarily enlarged and then undergo degradation via atrophic processes (e.g., thymus, breast).
Dystrophy
Degeneration of tissue or organ due to malnutrition o rhereditary disease.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Genetic disorder causing progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to alterations in dystrophin protein, affecting muscle cell integrity.
Symptoms include difficulty jumping, running, and walking.
Renal Osteodystrophy
Metabolic bone disease in chronic renal insufficiency, resulting from the kidney's inability to convert vitamin D3 to its active form (calcitriol).
Features bone mineralization deficiency, electrolyte, and endocrine abnormalities, leading to osteomalacia, osteonecrosis, and pathologic fractures.
Hypertrophy
Stimulated and controlled increase in cell number and tissue mass through the proliferation of both stem cells and differentiated cells.
Physiological Hyperplasia
Endometrial stimulation by estrogen during the menstrual cycle and reactive bone marrow hyperplasia in hemolytic anemia.
Pathological Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia due to excess estrogen stimulation and benign prostatic hyperplasia caused by androgen and estrogen stimulation.
Anaplasia
Loss of mature cellular differentiation and malignant transformation.
Metaplasia
Metaplasia in response to chronic stress, leading to reprogramming of stem cells into a more tolerable epithelium.
This process can either regress or progress to malignant transformation, making it a precancerous condition.
Physiological Metaplasia
Cervical ectropion is a benign gynecological condition in reproductive-age women, resulting from increased exposure of the cervical epithelium to estrogen.
It is diagnosed through routine pelvic examination or pap screening.
Pathological Metaplasia
Metaplasia in the esophagus due to chronic gastric acid exposure can progress to cancer.
Smoking causes bronchial metaplasia, and various factors can lead to bladder metaplasia.
Dysplasia
Dysplasia involves disordered epithelial growth, abnormal mitosis, and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.
While mild to moderate dysplasia may regress if the cause is addressed, severe dysplasia can progress to carcinoma in situ, posing a high risk of cancer development.
Proliferation
Rapid division and an increase in the number of cells.
Types
Stable Tissue
Expandable tissue (e.g. exocrine and endocrine glands).
Permanent Tissue
Cells with little to no replication throughout life (e.g.cardiac muscle, neurons).
Labile Tissue
Labile cells, like those in mucous membranes, skin, and hematopoietic tissue, are short-lived, rapidly dividing cells primarily renewed through stem cell replication.
Regeneration
Incomplete Regeneration
Tissue loss is replaced by tissue of an inferior quality.
Partial Recovery or Repair
Occurs in permanent tissue and stable tissue with pronounced damage (e.g. healing of skin with scar formation).
Complete Regeneration
Tissue loss is both homogeneously functionally and structurally replaced.
Definition
Adaptive changes in cells in response to stimuli.
Examples include increased muscle mass from exercise.
Increased breast cell numbers during pregnancy.
Barett esophagus due to chronic gastric acid exposure.
Cells adapt to tolerate adverse environments.
Persistent stress can lead to cell injury.
Critical hypertrophy of the left ventricle can lead to myofibril damage and heart failure.