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Exam 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Population size (N)
      - Exponential growth
      - J-shaped curve
      - Unlimited resources
      - logistic growth
        
        Logistic growth
        
        S-shaped curve
        
        Typical of a population that
        
        self regulates
        
        Has a carrying capacity (K)
  - - - To predict if a population will grow or shrink, ecologists need to know birth and death rates for organisms at different ages as well as the current age and sex makeup of the population.
      - Life tables summarize birth and death rates for organisms at different stages of their lives.
      - Population age structure—Are there lots of: young individuals? Old individuals? Reproductive age individuals?; and similar questions
      - Population growth rate—How fast is the population size growing (or shrinking)? Population survivorship patterns—Does most mortality occur in the very young? The very old? Or equally across all ages?
    - - Plot against age to produce a figure
        
        Take the log10 of this value
        
        Take survivorship (lx) and multiply by 1000
        
        Survivorship curves are plotted logarithmically
    - - Community
        
        a group of actually or potentially interacting species living in the same location.
        
        bound together by a shared environment and a network of influence each species has on the other.
        
        factors affecting interactions include
        
        abiotic environment
        
        biotic interactions that occur between species
      - At low prey and predator population sizes, prey increase exponentially
        
        As more food for predators is available, predator survival and reproductive success increases, resulting in predator population growth following that of their prey
        
        As predator populations increase, prey death rate exceeds birth rate, resulting in prey decline
        
        As prey number declines, there is not enough food to sustain a high predator population and thus predator death rate exceeds that of birth rate
- - - - Gene Pool
        
        All of the alleles of every gene in a population make up the gene pool
        
        A population is a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same region and can interbreed with each other
        
        allele and genotype frequency
        
        Allele frequency
        Number of copies of an allele in a population divided by the total number of alleles for that gene in a population
        
        Number of copies of an allele in a population
        
        Divided by
        
        The total number of all alleles for that gene in a population
        
        Genotype Relative Frequency
        
        Link Title
        
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        Genotype frequency
        Number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population divided by the total number of individuals in a population
      - predicts an equilibrium-unchanging allele and genotype frequencies from generation to generation-if certain conditions exist in a population
      - No new mutations
        
        No genetic drift. The population is so large allele frequencies do not change due to random sampling effects
        
        No migration
        
        No natural selection
        
        Random mating
      - Mutation
        
        Change in one of the nucleic acids
        
        Some are apparent in phenotype
        
        Source of all new alleles
        
        Must be in gametes to be inherited
        
        Male pollen sperm
        
        Female ovule egg
        
        Polymorphism
        
        Dominant-recessive systems
        
        2 phenotypes
        
        Dimorphic
        
        Genetic drift
        
        Bottleneck effect
        
        Acts most strongly in small populations relative to large
        
        Random loss of alleles
        
        Adaptive radiation
        
        Bottleneck from long distance dispersal
        Followed by adaptive radiation
        
        Artificial selection
        
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    - - Death does not mean natural selection has occurred
        
        Differential survival
        
        Survival due to phenotypes that are heritable
        
        Phenotype coded by genotype